|
ASD (N=359) |
DS (N=145) |
T1DM (N=155) |
Significant Between-group Differences * |
|
Duration of Illness From First Diagnosis (mean ± SD) |
6.1 ± 3.6 |
10.3 ±3.9 |
6.2 ± 3.2 |
DS > ASD and T1DM (p<0.001) |
| Current Treatment [N, (%)] |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Pharmacotherapy |
85 (23.7) |
27 (18.6) |
155 (100.0) |
not tested |
| Psychomotor Interventions |
158 (44.0) |
66 (45.5) |
0 (0.0) |
not tested |
| Speech therapy |
184 (51.3) |
94 (64.8) |
0 (0.0) |
not tested |
| Psychoeducation |
132 (36.8) |
31 (21.4) |
1 (0.6) |
not tested |
| Occupational therapy |
22 (6.1) |
5 (3.4) |
0 (0.0) |
not tested |
| Cognitive behavioural therapy |
23 (6.4) |
2 (1.4) |
2 (1.3) |
not tested |
| Family therapy |
18 (5.0) |
1 (0.7) |
1 (0.6) |
not tested |
| Alternative and complementary therapies |
75 (20.9) |
7 (4.8) |
0 (0.0) |
not tested |
|
CGI-S (mean ± SD) |
4.2 ± 1.2 |
3.8 ± 0.8 |
3.2 ± 1.6 |
ASD > DS > T1DM (all p<0.001) |
| Intellectual disability [N, (%)] |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Absent |
92 (25.6) |
1 (0.7) |
155 (100.0) |
T1DM > ASD > DS (all p<0.001) |
| Mild |
94 (26.2) |
52 (35.9) |
0 (0.0) |
ASD and DS > T1DM (p<0.001) |
| Moderate |
107 (29.8) |
75 (51.7) |
0 (0.0) |
DS > ASD > T1DM (all p<0.001) |
| Severe |
50 (13.9) |
14 (9.7) |
0 (0.0) |
ASD and DS > T1DM (p<0.001) |
| Profound |
15 (4.2) |
3 (2.1) |
0 (0.0) |
ASD > T1DM (p<0.05) |
|
CARS (mean ± SD) |
36.5 ± 6.6 |
22.8 ± 4.2 |
|
ASD > DS (p<0.001) |
|
ADOS Communication (mean ± SD) |
5.8 ± 2.0 |
- |
- |
|
|
ADOS Social (mean ± SD) |
9.7 ± 2.8 |
- |
- |
|
|
CGAS (mean ± SD) |
45.5 ± 15.3 |
55.7 ± 13.1 |
89.9 ± 5.0 |
ASD > DS > T1DM (all p<0.001) |
|
VABS age-equivalent scores (months) |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Communication (mean ± SD) |
51.2 ± 37.5 |
55.8 ± 29.9 |
132.3 ± 32.7 |
ASD < DS < T1DM (all p<0.001) |
| Daily living skills (mean ± SD) |
49.6 ± 29.5 |
54.3 ± 25.5 |
144.44 ± 7.0 |
ASD < DS < T1DM (all p<0.001) |
| Socialization (mean ± SD) |
34.2 ± 22.6 |
51.1 ± 24.7 |
149.0 ± 51.2 |
ASD < DS < T1DM (all p<0.001) |
| Motor skills (mean ± SD) |
47.2 ± 14.0 |
42.6 ± 13.2 |
62.9 ± 5.4 |
DS < ASD (p<0.05) < T1DM (p<0.001) |
ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; DS = Down’s syndrome; T1DM = Type 1 diabetes mellitus; CGI-S = Clinical Global Impression-Severity; ADOS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale; VABS = Vineland Adaptive Behavioural Scale.
Numbers may not sum to total due to missing data. Percentages are calculated as percentage of both available and missing data.
* after adjustment for age and sex