| Variable | Study | Associated factor | OR [95% CI] |
| Socio-demographic variables | |||
| Age | Bener (2012) | Age > 35y vs. 25-35y; Age<25y vs. 25-35y. |
1.96 [1.43-2.96] 2.22 [1.48-3.33] |
| Alhinai (2014) | Age < 25 y | - | |
| Green (2012) | Older age at first marriage | - | |
| Education | Glasser (2011) | ≤10 years vs. High school | 1.29 [0.48-3.45] |
| Bener (2012) |
Illiterate Primary education Intermediate education |
2.21 [1.33-3.70] 2.10 [1.39-3.19] 1.65 [1.09-2.50] |
|
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | Low level of education | 1.6 [1.1–2.4] | |
| Residency | Chaaya (2002) | Rural vs. Urban | 1.83 [1.12-2.99] |
| Saleh (2013) | Rural | 1.23 [0.59- 2.57] | |
| Mother’s employment | Hamdan (2011) | Employed | 2.55 [0.77-8.35] |
| Abdelwahid (2012) | Unemployed (housewife) | 3.4 [1.04-10.9] | |
| Alhinai (2014) | Work difficulties | 2.4 [1.42-4.08] | |
| Low Income or Socioeconomic status (SES) | Masmoudi (2008) | Low SES | 23.8 [2.29-245.6] |
| Glasser (2011) | Low income | 3.46 [1.18-10.13] | |
| Mohamed NA (2011) | Low SES | - | |
| Bener (2012) | Low income | 3.06 [2.06-4.55] | |
| Saleh (2013) | Low SES | t = −2.06; p<0.05* | |
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | Perceived low income | 1.6 [1.1–2.5] | |
| Mohammed ES (2014) | Low income | 3.56 [2.15- 5.89] | |
| Pregnancy and birth variables | |||
| Parity | Ghubash (1997) | Primiparity (first child) | 5.25 [1.51-18.25] |
| Green (2006) | Primiparity | - | |
| Hamdan (2011) | ≥ 1 child | 4.53 [0.97-21.16] | |
| Saleh (2013) | Higher parity | 3.27 [1.18-9.07] | |
| Obstetric complications during pregnancy | Agoub (2005) | Complication during pregnancy | 6.42 [1.59-25.82] |
| Alami (2006) | Complication during pregnancy | 6.66 [1.53-28.97] | |
| Bener (2012) | Complication during pregnancy | 1.79 [1.34-2.40] | |
| Mohammed ES (2014) | Complication after delivery | 2.84 [1.18-6.81] | |
| Medical disease during or before pregnancy | Chaaya (2002) | ≥ 2 problems | 2.42 [1.13-5.15] |
| Bener (2012) | - | ||
| El-Hachem (2014) | 5.28 [1.66- 16.78] | ||
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | 2.96 [1.58- 5.55] | ||
| Unwanted or unplanned pregnancy | Ghubash (1997) | 3.09 [0.35-102] | |
| Alami (2006) | 0.86 [0.31-2.35] | ||
| Glasser (2011) | 2.30 [1.04-5.08] | ||
| Mohammad KI (2011) | - | ||
| Saleh (2013) | 8.14 [2.25-25.49] | ||
| Alasoom (2014) | 2.1 [1.24-3.55] | ||
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | 1.6 [1.0–2.5] | ||
| Delivery mode | Chaaya (2002) | CS in rural & vaginal y in urban areas | 6.58 [1.25-34.76] |
| Bener (2012) | Caesarean delivery (CS) | 1.40 [1.04-1.87] | |
| Abdelwahid (2012) | Normal delivery | 3.9 [1.1-6.7] | |
| Infant variables | |||
| Infant is ill or low weight | Ghubash (1997) | Ill infant | 3.83 [1.06-13.76] |
| Agoub (2005) | Low weight | 14.5 [1.44-145.4] | |
| Alami (2006) | Low weight | 0.99 [0.39-2.48] | |
| Saleh (2013) | 2.40 [1.03-5.57] | ||
| Alasoom (2014) | 2.09 [1.14- 3.86] | ||
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | 3.9 [1.2–12.8] | ||
| Mohammed ES (2014) | - | ||
| Premature infant | Bener (2012) | 1.64 [1.06-2.54] | |
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | 3.6 [1.12–11.61] | ||
| Female infant (baby gender) | Mohammad KI (2011) | - | |
| Abdelwahid (2012) | 3.9 [1.3-12.4] | ||
| Saleh (2013) | 2.25 [1.08-4.68] | ||
| Hassanein (2014) | Having 2 females | 1.97 [1.22- 3.2] | |
| Infant feeding | Hamdan (2011) | Formula | 5.83 [1.81-18.79] |
| Bener (2012) | Formula | 2.58 [1.72-3.86] | |
| Abdelwahid (2012) | Breastfeeding | 3.8 [1.3-11.4] | |
| Saleh (2013) | Bottle feeding | 1.92 [0.92-3.99] | |
| Marital and family relationship variables | |||
| Poor marital relationship or marital conflict (including physical or verbal violence, Unsatisfying marital and sexual life) | Ghubash (1997) | Conflict during pregnancy Previously divorced mother |
10.35 [2.78-38.5] 5.45 [1.26-23.46] |
| Agoub (2005) | 3.16 [1.64-25.05] | ||
| Alami (2006) | 0.61 [0.18-2.05] | ||
| Masmoudi (2008) | 0.90 [0.23-3.42] | ||
| Bener (2012) | Poor marital relationship | 1.13 [1-1.29] | |
| Abdelwahid (2012) | Poor husband relationship | 12 [4.2-34.5] | |
| Saleh (2013) | Negative attitude toward spouce | 8.04 [3.42-18.92] | |
| Alassom (2014) | 11.74 [5.15-26.32] | ||
| Alhinai (2014) | Conflict with family member | 1.7 [1.10-2.67] | |
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | 1.5 [1.9–2.2] | ||
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | Poor perception of marital relationship | 6.53 [1.29- 32.97] | |
| Poor husband support or practical help | Alami (2006) | - | |
| Al-Dallal (2012) | 2.41 [1.24-4.69] | ||
| Saleh (2013) | 7.1 [3.16- 15.9] | ||
| Alasoom (2014) | 2.5 [1.24-5.03] | ||
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | 2.6 [1.3–4.9] | ||
| Mohammed ES (2014) | Supportive husband is protective | 0.18 [0.05- 0.74] | |
| Conflict with mother-in-law | Green (2006); | - | |
| Mohammad KI (2011) | - | ||
| Bener (2012) | 1.79 [1.33-2.42] | ||
| Alasoom (2014) | 2.72 [0.81- 9.14] | ||
| Psychosocial variables | |||
| History of depression or mental illness | Ghubash (1997) | 10 [2.53-39.49] | |
| Chaaya (2002) | 1.79 [0.87-3.74] | ||
| Masmoudi (2008) | 23.4 [2.28-239.6] | ||
| Al-Dallal (2012) | 8.13 [3.77-17.5] | ||
| Mohamed NA (2011) | - | ||
| Saleh (2013) | t = 2.19; p< 0.05* | ||
| Alasoom (2014) | 2.1 [1.2-3.64] | ||
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | History of emotional problems | 3.2 [1.7–5.8] | |
| El-Hachem (2014) | 6.80 [1.65-28.04] | ||
| Mohammed ES (2014) | - | ||
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | 3.86 [2.09- 7.12] | ||
| Family history of depression | Al-Dallal (2012) | 2.77 [1.03-7.46] | |
| Alasoom (2014) | 3.1 [1.26-7.8] | ||
| El-Hachem (2014) | 7.78 [2.46- 24.62] | ||
| Ante-partum depression, anxiety or stress | Chaaya (2002) | 6.66 [3.47-12.78] | |
| Hamdan (2011) | Depression during 2nd trimester; Depression during 3rd trimester |
7.05 [1.21-40.90] 14.1 [1.88-105.5] |
|
| Mohammad KI (2011) | Stress and depression | - | |
| Mohamed NA (2011) | Depression and anxiety | - | |
| Alasoom (2014) | Prenatal anxiety/prenatal depression | 2.33 [1.12- 4.85] | |
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | Stress during pregnancy | 2.75 [1.69- 4.50] | |
| Maternity blues | Mohamed NA (2011) | - | |
| El-Hachem (2014) | 1.23 [1.11- 1.36] | ||
| Stressful life events (in the past year or during pregnancy) | Ghubash (1997) | 14.71 [1.84-117] | |
| Chaaya (2002) | 1.19 [0.63-2.27] | ||
| Agoub (2005) | 8.31 [3.26-21.15] | ||
| Alami (2006) | 0.79 [0.32-1.97] | ||
| Mohamed NA (2011) | - | ||
| Saleh (2013) | Psychosocial stressors | t =13.38;p=0.001* | |
| Alasoom (2014) | 1.9 [1.11- 3.3] | ||
| Al-fayumi-Zeadna (2015) | 1.7 [0.9–3.4] | ||
| Social and family support | Chaaya (2002) | Good support | 0.66 [0.35-1.26] |
| Mohammad KI (2011) | Low support | - | |
| Mohamed NA (2011) | - | ||
| Bener (2012) | Low support | 1.52 [1.0-2.14] | |
| Al-Modayfer (2015) | Family violence | 2.55 [1.14- 5.71] | |
| Major financial problems | Alami (2006) | 0.49 [0.16-1.46] | |
| Bener (2012) | 2.37 [1.56-3.58] | ||
| Mohammed ES (2014) | - | ||