| Risk of a Coercive Measure | Risk of Mechanical Restraint | Risk of Seclusion | Risk of Involuntary Medication | Total Number of Coercive Measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Odds ratio (95%-CI) | Odds ratio (95%-CI) | Odds ratio (95%-CI) | Odds ratio (95%-CI) | Event-rate ratio (95%-CI) |
| intercept | 0.00*** (0.00, 0.003) | 0.00*** (0.00, 0.01) | 0.00*** (0.00, 0.002) | 0.00*** (0.00, 0.002) | 0.00*** (0.00, 0.00) |
| ward-level | |||||
| total number of admissions | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.01* (1.00, 1.01) |
| total number of incidents of aggressive behaviour | 1.05** (1.02, 1.08) | 1.05** (1.03, 1.08) | 1.07** (1.03, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.07* (1.01, 1.13) |
| patient-level | |||||
| gender: female | 0.79 (0.57, 1.12) | 0.68* (0.50, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.50, 2.07) | 0.63* (0.41, 0.97) |
| age | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| German citizenship | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.56* (0.33, 0.94) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.11) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.45) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) |
| diagnosis: Schizophrenia | 0.74 (0.50, 1.09) | 0.59* (0.39, 0.90) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07) | 0.76 (0.38, 1.52) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) |
| length of stay | 1.01** (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01* (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01* (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | excluded |
| number of previous psychiatric admissions | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.32) | 1.52* (1.04, 2.22) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.09) |
| guardianship | 1.04 (0.53, 2.03) | 1.06 (0.47, 2.39) | 1.24 (0.55, 2.80) | 0.63 (0.22, 1.79) | 1.91 (0.54, 6.72) |
| Unmarried | 1.07 (0.77, 1.50) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.41) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.95) | 0.63 (0.32, 1.28) | 1.18 (0.72, 1.94) |
| unemployed or retired | 0.79 (0.51, 1.23) | 0.73 (0.46, 1.16) | 0.85 (0.42, 1.72) | 0.84 (0.44, 1.60) | 0.97 (0.42, 2.27) |
| living independently | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.68** (0.54, 0.84) | 0.83 (0.60, 1.16) | 1.19 (0.68, 2.06) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.28) |
| self-threatening or self-damaging behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission | 1.46** (1.10, 1.93) | 1.24 (0.93, 1.65) | 1.68** (1.21, 2.35) | 1.38 (0.83, 2.29) | 1.29 (0.71, 2.35) |
| suicide attempt or suicide threat within 24 hours prior to admission | 0.53** (0.36, 0.78) | 0.52* (0.31, 0.88) | 0.66 (0.40, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.45, 1.90) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) |
| substance abuse within 24 hours prior to admission | 0.84 (0.47, 1.53) | 0.66 (0.36, 1.21) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.46) | 0.30* (0.12, 0.75) | 0.40*** (0.22, 0.73) |
| CGI at admission | 2.08*** (1.81, 2.40) | 2.28*** (1.87, 2.77) | 1.91*** (1.57, 2.33) | 2.86*** (1.86, 4.40) | 2.18*** (1.85, 2.56) |
| aggressive behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission and voluntary stay(1) | 3.26*** (1.83, 5.82) | 2.71** (1.5, 4.70) | 2.18* (1.01, 4.71) | 12.09*** (4.32, 33.81) | 1.76* (1.01, 3.07) |
| no aggressive behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission and involuntary stay(1) | 3.95*** (2.10, 7.41) | 3.21*** (1.63, 6.34) | 3.45** (1.75, 6.84) | 12.80*** (4.57, 35.87) | 1.57 (0.84, 2.96) |
| aggressive behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission and involuntary stay(1) | 14.95*** (8.88, 25.19) | 8.48*** (4.37, 16.45) | 13.18*** (7.31, 23.76) | 30.63*** (11.74, 79.92) | 2.67** (1.37, 5.20) |
| comorbidity substance abuse(2) | 0.76 (0.56; 1.03) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.60 (0.16, 2.24) | 0.54 (0.28, 1.07) |