|
Risk of a Coercive Measure |
Risk of Mechanical Restraint |
Risk of Seclusion |
Risk of Involuntary Medication |
Total Number of Coercive Measures |
| Variable |
Odds ratio (95%-CI) |
Odds ratio (95%-CI) |
Odds ratio (95%-CI) |
Odds ratio (95%-CI) |
Event-rate ratio (95%-CI) |
| Intercept |
0.00*** (0.00, 0.02) |
0.00*** (0.00, 0.02) |
0.00*** (0.00, 0.004) |
0.00** (0.00, 0.03) |
0.00*** (0.00, 0.01) |
| ward-level |
| total number of admissions |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
| total number of incidents of aggressive
behaviour |
1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
1.04** (1.02, 1.06) |
1.06* (1.01, 1.11) |
1.04* (1.00, 1.09) |
1.06 (1.00, 1.12) |
| patient-level |
| gender: female |
1.04 (0.67, 1.63) |
0.81 (0.49, 1.33) |
1.07 (0.79, 1.44) |
0.76 (0.34, 1.72) |
0.95 (0.61, 1.47) |
| Age |
1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
1.02* (1.00, 1.05) |
1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
0.97 (0.94, 1.01) |
0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
| German citizenship |
0.49** (0.32, 0.77) |
0.29*** (0.17, 0.50) |
0.51 (0.25, 1.07) |
0.88 (0.31, 2.50) |
0.94 (0.38, 2.32) |
| diagnosis: Schizophrenia(2)
|
0.45 (0.19, 1.06) |
0.35* (0.13, 0.93) |
0.35* (0.13, 0.96) |
0.35 (0.11, 1.15) |
0.59 (0.21, 1.62) |
| length of stay |
1.01** (1.00, 1.01) |
1.01 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.01* (1.00, 1.01) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
excluded |
| number of previous psychiatric treatments |
1.04 (0.80, 1.33) |
0.84 (0.63, 1.11) |
1.09 (0.76, 1.54) |
1.78* (1.11, 2.85) |
0.88 (0.64, 1.21) |
| guardianship |
0.73 (0.46, 1.16) |
0.92 (0.42, 2.03) |
0.65 (0.38, 1.12) |
0.72 (0.27, 1.87) |
2.04 (0.68, 6.12) |
| Unmarried |
1.22 (0.78, 1.90) |
1.04 (0.74, 1.47) |
1.75 (0.87, 3.51) |
0.62 (0.25, 1.53) |
1.40 (0.62, 3.13) |
| unemployed or retired |
0.71 (0.47, 1.07) |
0.89 (0.49, 1.63) |
1.01 (0.50, 2.05) |
0.81 (0.34, 1.96) |
0.94 (0.39, 2.28) |
| living independently |
0.74 (0.49, 1.12) |
0.51** (0.34, 0.77) |
0.92 (0.55, 1.57) |
1.44 (0.52, 3.97) |
0.94 (0.47, 1.94) |
| patient had stopped anti-psychotic
medication without medical advice |
0.93 (0.47, 1.83) |
0.83 (0.29, 2.48) |
0.89 (0.41, 1.93) |
0.95 (0.34, 2.66) |
0.17** (0.05, 0.60) |
| self-threatening or self-damaging
behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission |
1.47 (0.79, 2.76) |
0.91 (0.45, 1.84) |
1.19 (0.62, 2.27) |
1.29 (0.51, 3.22) |
1.03 (0.58, 1.83) |
| suicide attempt or suicide threat within
24 hours prior to admission |
0.41* (0.20, 0.84) |
0.31* (0.10, 0.99) |
0.61 (0.27, 1.37) |
1.01 (0.22, 4.69) |
0.24 (0.05, 1.27) |
| substance abuse within 24 hours prior to
admission |
1.09 (0.44, 2.67) |
0.37* (0.16, 0.85) |
1.02 (0.44, 2.37) |
0.00 (0.00, 1.00) |
0.38** (0.19, 0.79) |
| CGI at admission |
1.93*** (1.43, 2.58) |
2.70*** (1.94, 3.73) |
2.05*** (1.38, 3.05) |
2.85** (1.55, 5.23) |
1.59* (1.04, 2.43) |
| aggressive behaviour within 24 hours
prior to admission and voluntary stay(1)
|
4.11*** (1.91, 8.81) |
3.61*** (1.49, 8.77) |
2.51* (1.06, 5.95) |
5.76* (1.49, 22.29) |
1.79 (0.57, 5.47) |
| no aggressive behaviour within 24 hours
prior to admission and involuntary stay(1)
|
3.34* (1.34, 8.29) |
2.92* (1.10, 7.74) |
2.58*** (0.84, 7.94) |
7.02*** (2.29, 21.50) |
2.77 (0.73, 10.50) |
| aggressive behaviour within 24 hours
prior to admission and involuntary stay(1)
|
16.59*** (7.97, 34.52) |
8.57*** (3.27, 22.44) |
10.03 (4.96, 20.23) |
19.97*** (6.57, 60.72) |
4.66*** (2.01, 10.82) |
| comorbidity substance abuse(3)
|
0.70 (0.40, 1.23) |
0.87 (0.44, 1.75) |
0.61 (0.29, 1.29) |
0.53 (0.13, 2.23) |
0.70 (0.26, 1.94) |
(1) reference category: no aggressive behaviour within 24 hours prior to admission and involuntary stay
(2) reference category: bipolar disorder
(3) smoking excluded
*** p < .001
** p < .01
* p < .05