Table 1: Description of output, input, and farm-specific variables.

Variable Name Description
Output (Y) Tomato output in kilograms
Input variables (Xis)
Farm size (X1) Farm, the size used by the farmer, in hectares
Fertilizer (X2) Fertilizer, the quantity applied in kilograms
Labor (X3) Labor, quantity in hours
Seeds (X4) Seeds amount applied, in kilograms
Water (X5) Water, quantity in cubic meters
Electricity (X6) Electric bill, the amount in Omani Rials
Chemicals (X7) Chemicals amount applied in kilograms
Farm-Specific Variables
Farmer’s age (Z1) Age, number of years
Farmer’s experience (Z2) Farmer’s experience, number of years
Farmer’s education dummy (Z3)
(Z4)
Value = 1 if the number of years of education is below 12; 0 otherwise
Value = 1 if the number of years of education is above 12; 0 otherwise

Dummy variable Z4 was dropped in the estimation to avoid the dummy variable trap.