The Open Hypertension Journal




(Discontinued)

ISSN: 1876-5262 ― Volume 12, 2020
RESEARCH ARTICLE

A Comparison between Multimedia and Traditional Education in Encouraging Adherence to Treatment Regimen in Patients with Hypertension



Mostafa Bijani1, Banafsheh Tehranineshat2, Fatemeh Ahrari3, Najimeh Beygi4, *
1 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
2 Department of Nursing and Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center , School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3 Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
4 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

Abstract

Background:

Adherence to treatment regimen plays a crucial part in the prevention of the consequences of hypertension, thus identification and employment of effective educational methods to enhance patients' adherence to their treatment plans is important.

Objective:

The present study compares the effectiveness of multimedia and traditional methods of patient education in persuading patients with hypertension to stick to their treatment regimens.

Methods:

Conducted in 2019, the present study is an experimental work of research which lasted for 5 months. A convenience sample of 160 patients who visited the clinic and cardiac sections of a hospital located in the south-west of Iran was selected and then randomly divided into an intervention and a control group. The intervention consisted of multimedia education provided in 6 sessions and telephone follow-ups. The control group was given the traditional care. The research instruments were a demographics questionnaire and a medication adherence scale. Data were collected before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v. 19, independent t-test, and chi-square test.

Results:

The difference between the adherence to treatment regimen scores of the two groups as calculated immediately after and one month after the intervention was found to be statistically significant (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

Patient education via multimedia can significantly increase patients' adherence to their treatment regimens. Accordingly, it is recommended that nurses and other healthcare providers utilize this new educational approach to facilitate patient education and enhance adherence to treatment plan in patients with hypertension.

Keywords: Hypertension, Multimedia, Education, Treatment adherence, Traditional education, Patients.


Article Information


Identifiers and Pagination:

Year: 2020
Volume: 12
First Page: 1
Last Page: 6
Publisher Id: TOHYPERJ-12-1
DOI: 10.2174/1876526202012010001

Article History:

Received Date: 02/11/2019
Revision Received Date: 19/01/2020
Acceptance Date: 23/01/2020
Electronic publication date: 11/02/2020
Collection year: 2020

© 2019 Beygi et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


* Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medical- Surgical Nursing, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Ebne Sina Sq., 071 53357091, Fasa, Iran; Tel: 0098-09171345684;
E-mail: Najimehbeygi1166@gmail.com






1. INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is a major medical and public health issue which is becoming increasingly important. Hypertension can double the risk of coronary artery disease [1Valizadeh Gh BM, Bahramali E, Kouhpayeh A. Investigating the consistancy rate of hypertension treatment through guide line jnc-7, in patients who were referred to health centers and health houses of Fasa University of Medical Sciences 2012. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences 2014; 4(1): 78-80.]. Preventing and controlling hypertension is the top public health challenge in many countries as the condition is known a silent killer with a variety of clinical, economic, and social consequences [2Bijani M, Khaleghi AA, Hatami M, Najafi H, Haghshenas A. A study of the consistency between hypertension medications prescribed by general practitioners and 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of hypertension. Rev Latinoam Hipertens 2019; 14(1): 32-6.]. As one of the preventable causes of death in the world [3Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Sharifian S, Nasr Isfahani M, Haghani H. Comparing the effects of education using telephone follow-up and smartphone-based social networking follow-up on self-management behaviors among patients with hypertension. Contemp Nurse 2018; 54(4-5): 362-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1441730] [PMID: 29451091]
], hypertension is closely linked with the lifestyle, psychological health, and quality of life of patients and can, if not controlled timely and properly, leads to other diseases, significant physical impairment, reduced efficiency, and eventually a shorter life span [4Okoro RN, Ngong CK. Assessment of patient’s antihypertensive medication adherence level in non-comorbid hypertension in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2012; 3(2): 47-54.].

The reported prevalence of hypertension in various societies ranges from 5.2% to 55.3%. According to WHO, nearly 40% of adults worldwide aged over 25 years suffer from hypertension. In Iran, 27% of the adult population is reported to have hypertension [5Deldadeh AM, Taghadosi M, Gilasi HR. The effect of education based on Basnef model on lifestyle in patients with hypertension. Iranian Red Cresent Med J 2017; 19(11): e40731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.40731]
].

The most common (or prevalent) reason for uncontrolled hypertension is patients' failure to follow their treatment regimens [4Okoro RN, Ngong CK. Assessment of patient’s antihypertensive medication adherence level in non-comorbid hypertension in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2012; 3(2): 47-54.] which can have such dire consequences as relapse of the condition, need for hospitalization, and increased risk of being affected by the side effects. On the other hand, adherence to one's treatment regimen has the potential to improve the chances of recovery [6Masror Roudsari D, Dabiri Golchin M, Haghani H. Relationship between adherence to therapeutic regimen and health related quality of life in hypertensive patients. Iran J Nurs 2013; 26(85): 44-54.].

Nurses have the best opportunity to identify patients' educational needs and can provide information and self-care education [7Tehranineshat B, Rakhshan M, Torabizadeh C, Fararouei M. Nurses’, patients’, and family caregivers’ perceptions of compassionate nursing care. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26(6)969733018777884
[PMID: 29898620]
, 8Tehranineshat B, Rakhshan M, Torabizadeh C, Fararouei M. Compassionate Care in Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111(5): 546-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.04.002] [PMID: 31060872]
]. In order for patients' educational needs to be met properly, there is a need for new and flexible educational approaches [9Delasobera BE, Goodwin TL, Strehlow M, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of simulators and multimedia for refreshing ACLS skills in India. Resuscitation 2010; 81(2): 217-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.10.013] [PMID: 19926385]
]. Interventions toward encouraging adherence to treatment regimen can play a significant role in controlling hypertension [10Jalilian N, Tavafian SS, Aghamolaei T, Ahmadi S. The effects of health education program on knowledge and attitudes of people suffering from hypertention. J Health Edu Health Promot 2013; 1(4): 37-44.]. Due to the chronic nature of their disease, patients with hypertension are in need of receiving education which empowers them to improve their health status. Through education, many of the consequences of the disease can be controlled or eliminated [11Chipps J, Brysiewicz P, Mars M. A systematic review of the effectiveness of videoconference-based tele-education for medical and nursing education. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2012; 9(2): 78-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00241.x] [PMID: 22409341]
].

One of the new approaches to education is the multimedia method. The use of multimedia increases the clarity of education, makes the educational content more understandable and interesting, broadens patients' comprehension, enhances the permanence of learning, increases patients' participation in learning, and provides for proper feedback [12Sayadi L, Varaei S, Faghihzadeh E, Ahmadkhani Z. The effects of multimedia education on anxiety and physiological status among patients with cerebral angiography: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nursing Practice Today 2018; 5(4): 375-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/npt.v5i4.116]
]. However, education alone cannot reduce the probability of hospital readmissions [13Shojaee A, Nehrir B, Naderi N, Zareyan A. Assessment of the effect of patient’s education and telephone follow up by nurse on readmissions of the patients with heart failure. 2013; 6(1): 29-38.] and there is a need for effective methods of follow-up for after discharge of patients [3Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Sharifian S, Nasr Isfahani M, Haghani H. Comparing the effects of education using telephone follow-up and smartphone-based social networking follow-up on self-management behaviors among patients with hypertension. Contemp Nurse 2018; 54(4-5): 362-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1441730] [PMID: 29451091]
]. Multimedia education is defined as using basic types of media material such as text, video, sound, graphics, animation and incorporating this approach into a learning environment [14Zarei B, Valiee S, Nouri B, Khosravi F, Fathi M. The effect of multimedia-based nursing visit on preoperative anxiety and vital signs in patients undergoing lumbar disc herniation surgery: A randomised clinical trial. J Perioper Pract 2018; 28(1-2): 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750458917742045] [PMID: 29376786]
]. Teaching through multimedia provides a relatively cost-effective, timesaving, user-friendly and easy to reach approaches in patient and caregiver education [15Lam M, Choi M, Lam HR, et al. Use of multimedia in patient and caregiver education for cancer pain management: A literature review. Ann Palliat Med 2017; 6(1): 66-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm.2016.11.06] [PMID: 28061536]
]. Nowadays, multimedia sources of information such as videos, audio, and pictures are combined in education strategies [14Zarei B, Valiee S, Nouri B, Khosravi F, Fathi M. The effect of multimedia-based nursing visit on preoperative anxiety and vital signs in patients undergoing lumbar disc herniation surgery: A randomised clinical trial. J Perioper Pract 2018; 28(1-2): 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750458917742045] [PMID: 29376786]
]. Using multimedia method help educators in overcoming linguistic, physical and cultural barriers and in addressing different learning needs. Multimedia education also provides unique experiences in presenting materials in various formats and from different perspectives for patients [16Luther T. Corporate E-Learning is created in three large corporations 2005.].

A combination of healthcare interventions and telephone follow-ups by nurses can be more effective than nursing interventions without the use of new educational methods and follow up the effectiveness of patient education. A study reports that education accompanied by telephone follow-up or social media-based follow-up via smartphones improves self-management in patients with hypertension [3Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Sharifian S, Nasr Isfahani M, Haghani H. Comparing the effects of education using telephone follow-up and smartphone-based social networking follow-up on self-management behaviors among patients with hypertension. Contemp Nurse 2018; 54(4-5): 362-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1441730] [PMID: 29451091]
].

Since adherence to treatment regimen plays a key role in controlling hypertension and achieving better treatment results, and because there have been no studies in Iran comparing multimedia education with traditional patient education in terms of their effectiveness in encouraging adherence to treatment regimen for hypertension, the present study aims to compare multimedia with traditional education in terms of their effectiveness in encouraging adherence to treatment regimen in patients with hypertension.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study is a quasi-experimental work conducted in the clinic and cardiac sections of the university hospital of Fasa University of Medical Sciences located in the south-west of Iran from December 2018 to June 2019. The research sample consisted of all the patients with hypertension who visited the heart clinic and the CCU and post CCU sections of the above-mentioned hospital and met the inclusion criteria.

The inclusion criteria were: being on hypertension medications for 6 months, having had hypertension for at least 6 months as confirmed by a cardiologist, being literate and able to understand Farsi, having access to a means of telecommunication (a cellphone or telephone), and not participating in a similar study at the same time. The exclusion criteria were: suffering from a severe physical condition, having secondary hypertension, lack of access to means of telecommunication, missing more than one intervention session, having a self-declared psychological disease, and failure to continue participation in the study for any reason.

The following formula was used to calculate the sample size required for the present study [17Iso H, Shimamoto T, Yokota K, Sankai T, Jacobs DR Jr, Komachi Y. Community-based education classes for hypertension control. A 1.5-year randomized controlled trial. Hypertension 1996; 27(4): 968-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.27.4.968] [PMID: 8613276]
]:

With a confidence level of 95%, power of test of 0.84, and study accuracy of 0.5 SD, the sample size required in each group was calculated to be 63 which was raised to 80 patients in view of the possibility of sample loss in the course of the study.

Initial sampling was conducted according to the convenience sampling method in inpatient setting: all the patients who visited the clinic and the patients who were hospitalized in CCU and post CCU and met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Subsequently, the subjects were divided into two groups-control and intervention-each consisting of 80 members using a random number table.

The data collection instrument was a questionnaire that consisted of two parts: part one addressed the respondent's demographics and part two measured the degree of treatment adherence in patients with hypertension. The treatment adherence questionnaire was developed and tested by Dehghan et al. in 2014. The face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by 25 patients with hypertension and a panel of university professors, respectively. Its construct validity was measured via the two methods of exploratory factor analysis and concurrent validity. The results of the former method for a sample size of 330 patients with hypertension were as follows: df=378, X2=4944.6, p<0.001, and KMO=0.76. The internal homogeneity of the scale was found to be 0.8. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was verified via the test-retest method on 50 patients with hypertension. An internal cluster coefficient (ICC) of 0.95 proved that the scale possessed excellent consistency [18Dehghan M, Dehghan-Nayeri N, Iranmanesh S. Translation and validation of the Persian version of the treatment adherence questionnaire for patients with hypertension. ARYA Atheroscler 2016; 12(2): 76-86.
[PMID: 27429627]
].

The treatment adherence questionnaire consists of 28 items which fall into 6 subscales: medication adherence and monitoring (8 items), refraining from self-medication (5 items), avoiding an unhealthy diet (5 items), adhering to a healthy diet (5 items), physical activities (2 items), and refraining from tobacco use (3 items). Responses are scored based on a 5-point Likert scale: No=1, Rarely=2, Occasionally=3, Usually=4, and Always=5. Questions 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 are scored reversely:: No=5, Rarely=4, Occasionally=3, Usually=2, and Always=1. The score range is between 28 and 140, and a score of 86 or above indicates the respondent's adherence to his/her treatment regimen.

Having acquired an ethical code and introduction letter from the university, the researchers informed the participants about the objectives of the study and the voluntary nature of their participation. They were also assured of the confidentiality of their information. Next, the participants were asked to sign the informed consent form. The intervention was comprised of multimedia education, including education via videos and slides, as well as verbal instructions, printed material (an educational pamphlet), and problem-solving sessions. The validity of the educational content was verified by 15 nursing professors and cardiologists at the university. The educational pamphlet was, in fact, the printed version of the education provided via the educational video and slides and complied with the latest clinical guidelines on hypertension, factors affecting hypertension, and methods of controlling it. The pamphlet had been previously reviewed and revised by 15 nursing professors and cardiologists.

Multimedia education was provided through 6 two-hour sessions over 6 weeks (one session a week). Designed based on academic textbooks and the viewpoints of university professors, the content of the educational video and pamphlet addressed the various aspects of the disease and its treatment, including: the pathophysiology of hypertension and complications, factors effective in controlling hypertension, the right method of measuring blood pressure, types of medications, physical activity (regular walking for 0.5-1 hours a day), and the effects of adherence to medication and food regimens and an improved lifestyle on controlling hypertension. The education was presented by a board member with a master's degree in internal surgery nursing in the conference room of the hospital.

At the end of the educational sessions, telephone follow-ups were employed to monitor the patients' extent of adherence to the presented instructions, answer the patients' queries, and encourage the patients to actively participate in self-care activities and adhere to their treatment regimens. Based on a review of relevant sources and the comments of nursing professors and cardiologists, the issues addressed in the telephone follow-ups included: correct use of prescribed medications, timely visits for having one's blood pressure measured, timely visits with the clinician, correcting such habits as smoking and alcohol consumption, following the recommended low salt, low fat and high fiber diet, and applying the regular walking exercise to reduce the risk of cardiac and cerebral disorders. In this part of the intervention, the patients were contacted once a week at the end of the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks of the intervention (three times overall). Each call lasted about 20 minutes and the patients had the researchers' phone number to contact them if necessary. There is not any modification in consumption of the antihypertensive medications during follow up.

The control group was provided with traditional care and was not exposed to any educational interventions. The traditional patient education which is performed by hospital nurses is on a unilateral basis and only provides patients with a brief introduction to their medications-the patients are not actively involved in their education.

The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v. 23. To compare the treatment adherence scores of the two groups as obtained at three points in time (before, immediately after, and one month after intervention), the researchers first examined the normality of the scores via the Kolmogorove-Smirnov test. The results showed that the data were normally distributed. Next, repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the mean scores of the intervention and control groups; the level of significance was set at p<0.05.

3. RESULTS

160 patients with hypertension participated in the present study. The average age of the participants in the intervention and control groups was 54.96±12.76 and 58.41±12.41, respectively. For the intervention group, the history of hypertension and length of use of hypertension medications were found to be 5.67±6.30 and 5.21±6.16 years, respectively; for the control group, the findings were 5.81±5.45 and 5.59±4.61 years. The distributions and percentages of the frequency of the other demographic variables are given in Table 1.

Independent t-test results showed that the pretest adherence to treatment regimen scores of the study groups in total were not significantly different and the groups were similar in this regard (p=0.83). On the other hand, the results of independent t-tests showed the scores of the study groups, as obtained immediately after and one month after the end of the intervention, to be significantly different (p<0.001) (Table 2). Also, The number of hypertension medications being used didn't affected adherence in the intervention and control group (p>0.56, p>0.64).

4. DISCUSSION

The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the subjects in the intervention and control groups regarding their adherence to their hypertension treatment regimens immediately after and one month after the intervention. Also, the differences between the scores of the groups in each dimension of treatment adherence as calculated immediately after and one month after the intervention were found to be significantly different. In a similar study, the adherence to treatment regimen scores of the subjects as obtained immediately and one month after their peer support intervention were significantly different from their pretest scores in the three domains of medication regimen, food regimen, and physical activity [19Haidari A, Moeini M, Khosravi A. The impact of peer support program on adherence to the treatment regimen in patients with hypertension: A randomized clinical trial study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2017; 22(6): 427-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_16_16] [PMID: 29184579]
].

Table 1
Distribution and percentage of the frequency of the demographics of the intervention and control groups.


Table 2
A comparison between the mean adherence scores of the intervention and control groups as obtained before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention.


In Demircelik's study (2016), education via interactive multimedia CDs significantly decreased anxiety and depression in the subjects in the intervention group and increased their self-care knowledge [20Demircelik MB, Cakmak M, Nazli Y, et al. Effects of multimedia nursing education on disease-related depression and anxiety in patients staying in a coronary intensive care unit. Appl Nurs Res 2016; 29: 5-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.03.014] [PMID: 26856480]
]. Sayady et al. (2018) reported a decrease in the diastolic blood pressure and heart rate of patients having cerebral angiography following multimedia education [12Sayadi L, Varaei S, Faghihzadeh E, Ahmadkhani Z. The effects of multimedia education on anxiety and physiological status among patients with cerebral angiography: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nursing Practice Today 2018; 5(4): 375-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/npt.v5i4.116]
]. In the study of Wang and Chiou (2011), compared to the subjects in the control group, the patients who were educated with an interactive multimedia CD were found to have better knowledge and adherence to their treatment regimens and a stronger sense of being in control of their lives; multimedia education also increased their self-care knowledge [21Wang L-M, Chiou C-P. Effectiveness of interactive multimedia CD on self-care and powerlessness in hemodialysis patients. J Nurs Res 2011; 19(2): 102-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JNR.0b013e31821b0eff] [PMID: 21586987]
]. According to the study of Chiou and Chung (2012), patients who were educated with interactive multimedia DVDs had a better knowledge of their conditions and felt less uncertain when they were in need to make decisions about their treatment [22Chiou CP, Chung YC. Effectiveness of multimedia interactive patient education on knowledge, uncertainty and decision-making in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Nurs 2012; 21(9-10): 1223-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03793.x] [PMID: 21883569]
].

In Conway and Kelechi’s study (2017), digital health interventions include interactive voice response (with or without human interaction), short message service (text messaging), tele monitoring and/or tailored care management, and Web-based software were identified for improving adherence [23Conway C M, Kelechi T J. Digital health for medication adherence in adult diabetes or hypertension: An integrative review JMIR diabetes 2017; 2(2): e20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/diabetes.8030]
]. In Schroedera et al' s study (2005), patients receiving nurse-led adherence support were no more adherent at six months than patients receiving usual care. Also, there was no difference at six months between the groups with regard to systolic or diastolic blood pressure [24Schroeder K, Fahey T, Hollinghurst S, Peters TJ. Nurse-led adherence support in hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract 2005; 22(2): 144-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh717] [PMID: 15655101]
]. In Guevara et al' s study (2019) The nursing intervention “Teaching: Individual” to increase adherence to the therapeutic regimen in hypertension patients indicates an innovative care approach intended for low-income population [25Romero Guevara SL, Parra DI, Rojas LZ. “Teaching: Individual” to increase adherence to therapeutic regimen in people with hypertension and type-2 diabetes: protocol of the controlled clinical trial ENURSIN. BMC Nurs 2019; 18(22): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0344-0] [PMID: 31171916]
]. All of the above findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of multimedia education on patients' learning and positive behavioral changes: multimedia has a high interactive potential which makes the transfer of educational content more simple and interesting and, consequently, increases learners' absorption of the educational content.

In another study, telephone follow-ups over a three-month period after education in self-care improve the physical, psychological, and social aspects of the quality of life of patients with colostomy [26Parchami Iraqi M, Ahmadi Z. Effect of telephone counseling (telenursing) on the quality of life of patients with colostomy. J Client-Centered Nurs Care 2016; 2(2): 123-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jccnc.2.2.123]
]. In their study, Nundy et al. (2013) evaluated the effectiveness of text messaging in encouraging self-management in patients with heart failure after discharge and conclude that patients who receive telephone follow-ups are more successful at self-management and improving their lifestyles [27Nundy S, Razi RR, Dick JJ, et al. A text messaging intervention to improve heart failure self-management after hospital discharge in a largely African-American population: before-after study. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15(3)e53
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2317] [PMID: 23478028]
]. Similarly, studying the effects of providing care via the telephone to cure depression after CABG, Rollman et al. (2009) reported a significant difference between the posttest scores of the intervention and control groups: the intervention group showed better psychological well-being, physical performance, and emotional signs [28Rollman BL, Belnap BH, LeMenager MS, et al. Telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302(19): 2095-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1670] [PMID: 19918088]
]. In the study of Hung et al. (2014), the subjects in the telephone follow-up group were found to have higher adherence to their treatment regimens; also, regarding adherence to food regimen, the difference between the intervention and control groups was significant [29Hung YC, Bauer JD, Horsely P, Coll J, Bashford J, Isenring EA. Telephone-delivered nutrition and exercise counselling after auto-SCT: A pilot, randomised controlled trial. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49(6): 786-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2014.52] [PMID: 24710562]
].

5. LIMITATIONS

One of the limitations of the present study was the possibility of exchanging the educational information between the intervention and control groups. To control the influence of that limitation, the researchers emphatically asked the subjects in the intervention group to refrain from sharing their education with the control group. Also, the control group was not provided with any educational aids. It is suggested to conduct future studies to explore the effectiveness of multimedia education in improving the treatment adherence and quality of life of patients with other chronic diseases.

CONCLUSION

The results of most studies are consistent with the findings of the present study: increasing patients' awareness via the above-mentioned educational methods results in their better adherence to their treatment plans. Accordingly, as members of healthcare teams, nurses can play a more effective part in patient education by applying multimedia education which is, due to its multisensory and interactive nature, able to suit various learning styles and make for easy, long-lasting learning [30Davoudi M, Mohammadi Y, Yazdanparast E, Ahmadi Chenari H, Eslami H, Rajabi R, et al. The effect of multimedia method of education on weight loss in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Nurs 2016; 28(98): 31-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijn.28.98.31]
]. Moreover, telephone follow-up and consultation can be used as beneficial ways of self-assessment, monitoring, and decision-making [16Luther T. Corporate E-Learning is created in three large corporations 2005., 31Wong KW, Wong FK, Chan MF. Effects of nurse-initiated telephone follow-up on self-efficacy among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs 2005; 49(2): 210-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03280.x] [PMID: 15641953]
]. Telenursing enables patients to have a more effective relationship with healthcare experts when necessary [32Hughes RG. Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD 2008.
[PMID: 21328752]
].

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

Ethics Committee of the National Agency for the Development of Health Research Fasa located in the southwest of Iran approved the study (approval number: 97357).

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

Not applicable.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

All data generated or analyzed throughout this research are included in this published article.

FUNDING

This paper was derived from a research project approved by the Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Grant No 97357).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors appreciate (acknowledge) Fasa University of Medical Sciences for the financial support of this research.

REFERENCES

[1] Valizadeh Gh BM, Bahramali E, Kouhpayeh A. Investigating the consistancy rate of hypertension treatment through guide line jnc-7, in patients who were referred to health centers and health houses of Fasa University of Medical Sciences 2012. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences 2014; 4(1): 78-80.
[2] Bijani M, Khaleghi AA, Hatami M, Najafi H, Haghshenas A. A study of the consistency between hypertension medications prescribed by general practitioners and 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of hypertension. Rev Latinoam Hipertens 2019; 14(1): 32-6.
[3] Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Sharifian S, Nasr Isfahani M, Haghani H. Comparing the effects of education using telephone follow-up and smartphone-based social networking follow-up on self-management behaviors among patients with hypertension. Contemp Nurse 2018; 54(4-5): 362-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1441730] [PMID: 29451091]
[4] Okoro RN, Ngong CK. Assessment of patient’s antihypertensive medication adherence level in non-comorbid hypertension in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2012; 3(2): 47-54.
[5] Deldadeh AM, Taghadosi M, Gilasi HR. The effect of education based on Basnef model on lifestyle in patients with hypertension. Iranian Red Cresent Med J 2017; 19(11): e40731.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.40731]
[6] Masror Roudsari D, Dabiri Golchin M, Haghani H. Relationship between adherence to therapeutic regimen and health related quality of life in hypertensive patients. Iran J Nurs 2013; 26(85): 44-54.
[7] Tehranineshat B, Rakhshan M, Torabizadeh C, Fararouei M. Nurses’, patients’, and family caregivers’ perceptions of compassionate nursing care. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26(6)969733018777884
[PMID: 29898620]
[8] Tehranineshat B, Rakhshan M, Torabizadeh C, Fararouei M. Compassionate Care in Healthcare Systems: A Systematic Review. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111(5): 546-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.04.002] [PMID: 31060872]
[9] Delasobera BE, Goodwin TL, Strehlow M, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of simulators and multimedia for refreshing ACLS skills in India. Resuscitation 2010; 81(2): 217-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.10.013] [PMID: 19926385]
[10] Jalilian N, Tavafian SS, Aghamolaei T, Ahmadi S. The effects of health education program on knowledge and attitudes of people suffering from hypertention. J Health Edu Health Promot 2013; 1(4): 37-44.
[11] Chipps J, Brysiewicz P, Mars M. A systematic review of the effectiveness of videoconference-based tele-education for medical and nursing education. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2012; 9(2): 78-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00241.x] [PMID: 22409341]
[12] Sayadi L, Varaei S, Faghihzadeh E, Ahmadkhani Z. The effects of multimedia education on anxiety and physiological status among patients with cerebral angiography: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nursing Practice Today 2018; 5(4): 375-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/npt.v5i4.116]
[13] Shojaee A, Nehrir B, Naderi N, Zareyan A. Assessment of the effect of patient’s education and telephone follow up by nurse on readmissions of the patients with heart failure. 2013; 6(1): 29-38.
[14] Zarei B, Valiee S, Nouri B, Khosravi F, Fathi M. The effect of multimedia-based nursing visit on preoperative anxiety and vital signs in patients undergoing lumbar disc herniation surgery: A randomised clinical trial. J Perioper Pract 2018; 28(1-2): 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750458917742045] [PMID: 29376786]
[15] Lam M, Choi M, Lam HR, et al. Use of multimedia in patient and caregiver education for cancer pain management: A literature review. Ann Palliat Med 2017; 6(1): 66-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm.2016.11.06] [PMID: 28061536]
[16] Luther T. Corporate E-Learning is created in three large corporations 2005.
[17] Iso H, Shimamoto T, Yokota K, Sankai T, Jacobs DR Jr, Komachi Y. Community-based education classes for hypertension control. A 1.5-year randomized controlled trial. Hypertension 1996; 27(4): 968-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.27.4.968] [PMID: 8613276]
[18] Dehghan M, Dehghan-Nayeri N, Iranmanesh S. Translation and validation of the Persian version of the treatment adherence questionnaire for patients with hypertension. ARYA Atheroscler 2016; 12(2): 76-86.
[PMID: 27429627]
[19] Haidari A, Moeini M, Khosravi A. The impact of peer support program on adherence to the treatment regimen in patients with hypertension: A randomized clinical trial study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2017; 22(6): 427-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_16_16] [PMID: 29184579]
[20] Demircelik MB, Cakmak M, Nazli Y, et al. Effects of multimedia nursing education on disease-related depression and anxiety in patients staying in a coronary intensive care unit. Appl Nurs Res 2016; 29: 5-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.03.014] [PMID: 26856480]
[21] Wang L-M, Chiou C-P. Effectiveness of interactive multimedia CD on self-care and powerlessness in hemodialysis patients. J Nurs Res 2011; 19(2): 102-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JNR.0b013e31821b0eff] [PMID: 21586987]
[22] Chiou CP, Chung YC. Effectiveness of multimedia interactive patient education on knowledge, uncertainty and decision-making in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Nurs 2012; 21(9-10): 1223-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03793.x] [PMID: 21883569]
[23] Conway C M, Kelechi T J. Digital health for medication adherence in adult diabetes or hypertension: An integrative review JMIR diabetes 2017; 2(2): e20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/diabetes.8030]
[24] Schroeder K, Fahey T, Hollinghurst S, Peters TJ. Nurse-led adherence support in hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract 2005; 22(2): 144-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh717] [PMID: 15655101]
[25] Romero Guevara SL, Parra DI, Rojas LZ. “Teaching: Individual” to increase adherence to therapeutic regimen in people with hypertension and type-2 diabetes: protocol of the controlled clinical trial ENURSIN. BMC Nurs 2019; 18(22): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0344-0] [PMID: 31171916]
[26] Parchami Iraqi M, Ahmadi Z. Effect of telephone counseling (telenursing) on the quality of life of patients with colostomy. J Client-Centered Nurs Care 2016; 2(2): 123-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jccnc.2.2.123]
[27] Nundy S, Razi RR, Dick JJ, et al. A text messaging intervention to improve heart failure self-management after hospital discharge in a largely African-American population: before-after study. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15(3)e53
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2317] [PMID: 23478028]
[28] Rollman BL, Belnap BH, LeMenager MS, et al. Telephone-delivered collaborative care for treating post-CABG depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302(19): 2095-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1670] [PMID: 19918088]
[29] Hung YC, Bauer JD, Horsely P, Coll J, Bashford J, Isenring EA. Telephone-delivered nutrition and exercise counselling after auto-SCT: A pilot, randomised controlled trial. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49(6): 786-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2014.52] [PMID: 24710562]
[30] Davoudi M, Mohammadi Y, Yazdanparast E, Ahmadi Chenari H, Eslami H, Rajabi R, et al. The effect of multimedia method of education on weight loss in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Nurs 2016; 28(98): 31-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/ijn.28.98.31]
[31] Wong KW, Wong FK, Chan MF. Effects of nurse-initiated telephone follow-up on self-efficacy among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs 2005; 49(2): 210-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03280.x] [PMID: 15641953]
[32] Hughes RG. Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD 2008.
[PMID: 21328752]
Track Your Manuscript:


Endorsements



"Open access will revolutionize 21st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines."


Daniel Pesut
(Indiana University School of Nursing, USA)

"It is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant, high-standard and timely scientific information. This is exactly what Open Access Journals provide and this is the reason why I support this endeavor."


Jacques Descotes
(Centre Antipoison-Centre de Pharmacovigilance, France)

"Publishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress. Open Access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information, and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community."


Patrice Talaga
(UCB S.A., Belgium)

"Open access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature. They offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals, including physicians, medical students, clinical investigators, and the general public. They are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information."


Jeffrey M. Weinberg
(St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, USA)

"Open access journals are extremely useful for graduate students, investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals. Indeed, the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality. This is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals."


Debomoy K. Lahiri
(Indiana University School of Medicine, USA)

"Open access journals represent a major break-through in publishing. They provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues. Relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers. Articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world's leading authorities."


Robert Looney
(Naval Postgraduate School, USA)

"Open access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated: particularly, whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process, they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets."


Richard Reithinger
(Westat, USA)

"Not only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world, it also provides extra exposure for our papers."


J. Ferwerda
(University of Oxford, UK)

"Open Access 'Chemistry' Journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content."


Sean L. Kitson
(Almac Sciences, Northern Ireland)

"In principle, all scientific journals should have open access, as should be science itself. Open access journals are very helpful for students, researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals. The articles are high standard and cover a wide area."


Hubert Wolterbeek
(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

"The widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science. In this perspective, open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements."


Alessandro Laviano
(Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy)

"Open access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science."


Philippe Hernigou
(Paris University, France)

"There are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals. Open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information."


Fidel Toldrá
(Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Spain)

"Open access journals have become a fundamental tool for students, researchers, patients and the general public. Many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis. The articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas."


M. Bendandi
(University Clinic of Navarre, Spain)

"These journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid, open access scientific communication. The articles are of high quality and broad scope."


Peter Chiba
(University of Vienna, Austria)

"Open access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide."


Jaime Sampaio
(University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal)

"Open access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication. This option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists."


Eduardo A. Castro
(INIFTA, Argentina)

"Open access journals are freely available online throughout the world, for you to read, download, copy, distribute, and use. The articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields."


Kenji Hashimoto
(Chiba University, Japan)

"Open Access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines. The papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are Indexed in: major international databases. I read Open Access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study."


Daniel Shek
(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)

"It is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals. Researchers, faculty members, and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. in this category."


Jih Ru Hwu
(National Central University, Taiwan)


Browse Contents




Webmaster Contact: info@benthamopen.net
Copyright © 2023 Bentham Open