Table 3: Effect sizes for differences between MS subgroups (RRMS, SPMS) and controls.

RRMS versus SPMS
Cohen’s d Hedges’ g
RRMS versus Controls
Cohen’s d Hedges’ g
SPMS versus Controls
Cohen’s d Hedges’ g
RAVLT
Trial 1
0.638 0.631 0.355 0.360 0.912 0.936
RAVLT
Trials 1 to 5
0.932 0.941 1.148 1.145 1.995 1.970
RAVLT Delayed Recall 0.250 0.244 0.922 0.932 1.279 1.325
Phonological Fluency 0.364 0.363 0.779 0.760 1.231 1.202
Semantic Fluency 0.852 0.824 0.345 0.348 1.181 1.231
SDMT 1.232 1.222 0.723 0.734 1.811 1.853
SNST 0.645 0.636 5.625 5.362 8.016 7.681
TMT - A 0.954 0.957 0.474 0.470 1.470 1.457
TMT - B 1.171 1.136 2.230 2.156 1.520 1.511

RAVLT Trial 1= Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Trial 1; RAVLT Trials 1-5 = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Trial 1-5; RAVLT Delayed Recall= Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall; SDMT = Symbol Digits Modalities Test; SNST = Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test; TMT A = Trail Making Test Part A; TMT A = Trail Making Test Part B;
Note: For Cohen’s d and Hedges’ g, an effect size of 0.2 to 0.3 is considered a “small” effect, 0.5 a “medium effect” and ≥ 0.8 a “large effect”.