- Abnormal hydrolysis of APP (β-secretase and γ-secretase) → βA production (βA40, βA42)
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- Fibrillogenesis: polymerization and formation of βA oligomers
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- Aggregation → final formation of neuritic plaques
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- Neurofibrillary degeneration: hyperphosphorylation of τ-protein → neurofibrillary tangles
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- Glutamate excess in synapses → excitotoxicity
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- Activation of microglia and presence of inflammatory proteins
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- Imbalance in intracellular ion homeostasis (calcium, copper, iron, zinc)
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- Oxidative stress → free radicals toxicity
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- Alterations of the mitochondrial membrane → failure of the cellular energetic system
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