Table 1: Association of the PER3-VNTR with (A) Scores of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and its categorization in morning/neutral/evening chronotypes and (B) Scores of the Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) and its categorization in High/ Low somnolence.

PER3-VNTR Chronotypes p value Composite Scale of Morningness Scores Mean (SE) p value
Morning Type
n (%)
Neutral Type
n (%)
Evening Type
n (%)
Genotypes 4/4 41 (60.3) 108 (65.9) 43 (69.4) 0.58c 39.55 (0.38) 0.37a
4/5 25 (36.8) 48 (29.3) 15 (24.2) 40.48 (0.63)
5/5 2 (2.9) 8 (4.9) 4 (6.5) 38.79 (1.56)
Total 68 (100) 164 (100) 62 (100) 39.74 (0.32)
Alleles 4 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.58c
5 0.19 0.20 0.21