Investigators |
Subjects |
Years of Follow-up |
Effect of Dietary Fat |
Hirayama [26] |
265,118 subjects in Japan |
13 |
Significant negative effect for meat |
Stemmermann et al. [27] |
7,074 Hawaiian-Japanese men |
15 |
Significant negative effect |
Garland et al. [8] |
1,954 men in Chicago |
19 |
No significant effect |
Phillips & Snowdon [9] |
25,493 Seventh Day Adventists in California |
21 |
No significant effect |
Willett et al. [4] |
88,751 female nurses in USA |
6 |
Significant positive effect for total, animal, monounsaturated, and saturated fat, and for red meat |
Giovannucci et al. [5] |
7,284 male health professionals |
2 |
Significant positive effect for total, animal, monounsaturated, and saturated fat, and for red meat |
Thun et al. [10] |
764,343 men and women |
6 |
No significant effect of fat or red meat |
Goldbohm et al. [11] |
58,279 men and 62,573 women in Netherlands |
3.3 |
No significant effect |
Giovannucci et al. [12] |
47,949 male health professionals |
6 |
No significant effect of fat, but significant positive correlation with red meat |
Bostick et al. [13] |
35,215 women in Iowa |
4 |
No significant effect |
Gaard et al. [14] |
50,535 men and women in Norway |
11 |
No significant effect of fat, but significant positive correlation with sausage intake |
Chyou et al. [28] |
7,945 Japanese-American men in Hawaii |
27-30 |
Significant negative correlation with total and monounsaturated fat for colon but not rectal cancer |
Kato et al. [15] |
14,727 women in New York and Florida |
7 |
No significant effect of fat or meat |
Singh & Fraser [6] |
32,051 7th Day Adventist men and women in California |
6 |
Significantly increased risk with red, white or total meat intake |
Pietinen et al. [16] |
27,111 male smokers in Finland |
8 |
No significant effect of fat or meat |
Jarvinen et al. [17] |
9959 Finnish men and women |
27-32 |
High cholesterol intake was associated with increased risk, but not consumption of total, saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat |
Terry et al. [18, 19] |
61,463 women in Sweden |
9.6 |
No significant effect of intake of fat or a “Western” diet |
Flood et al. [20] |
45,496 women in USA |
8.5 |
No significant effect of fat or meat consumption |
Chao et al. [314] |
148,610 men and women in USA |
9, 19 |
Significant increase with red and processed meat consumption; poultry and fish consumption protective |
Robertson et al. [21] |
1,520 men and women in USA |
1, 4 |
No significant effect of fat or red meat consumption |
Oba et al. [22] |
13,894 men and 16,327 women in Japan |
8 |
No significant effect of dietary fat; significant increase from processed meat consumption |
Lin et al. [23] |
37,547 women in USA |
8.7 |
No significant effect of dietary fat |
Sanjoaquin et al. [24] |
10,998 men and women in the United Kingdom |
17 |
No significant effect of animal fat intake |
Dahm et al. [25] |
153,000 men and women in the United Kingdom |
7-23 |
No significant effect of dietary fat |
Butler et al. [7] |
61,321 Singapore Chinese |
9.8 |
Positive association between total and saturated fat and localized cancer in women only |