Table 4: Association between refractive errors and certain risk factors.

Risk Factor Refractive Errors Myopia
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Lower Upper Lower Upper
Age Groups (years) – – – – – –
6-8 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
9-11 1.12 0.69 1.81 0.93 0.50 1.75
12-14 1.44 0.69 3.05 1.21 0.45 3.23
Mode of Living – – – – – –
Urban 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
Rural 2.70 1.55 4.68 3.93 1.63 9.46
Use of Electronic Devices (ED) – – – – – –
Non-users 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
Users 1.40 0.75 2.61 2.71 0.94 7.78
Hours Using Elect. Devices – – – – – –
Less than 2 Hours 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
3-5 Hours 2.66 0.90 7.86 3.46 1.10 10.90
More than 5 Hours 1.88 0.56 6.29 3.10 0.80 12.03
Outdoor Activities – – – – – –
Yes 1.00 – – – – –
NO 1.42 0.75 2.69 1.88 0.65 5.46
Family History of RE – – – – – –
No 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
Yes 1.71 1.09 2.67 2.92 1.55 5.48
Distance to TV Screen – – – – – –
Close 1.00 – – 1.00 – –
Average 0.56 0.24 1.28 0.59 0.21 1.68
Far 0.48 0.22 1.04 0.72 0.27 1.96