Table 4: Association between refractive errors and certain risk factors.

Risk Factor Refractive Errors Myopia
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Lower Upper Lower Upper
Age Groups (years)
6-8 1.00 1.00
9-11 1.12 0.69 1.81 0.93 0.50 1.75
12-14 1.44 0.69 3.05 1.21 0.45 3.23
Mode of Living
Urban 1.00 1.00
Rural 2.70 1.55 4.68 3.93 1.63 9.46
Use of Electronic Devices (ED)
Non-users 1.00 1.00
Users 1.40 0.75 2.61 2.71 0.94 7.78
Hours Using Elect. Devices
Less than 2 Hours 1.00 1.00
3-5 Hours 2.66 0.90 7.86 3.46 1.10 10.90
More than 5 Hours 1.88 0.56 6.29 3.10 0.80 12.03
Outdoor Activities
Yes 1.00
NO 1.42 0.75 2.69 1.88 0.65 5.46
Family History of RE
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 1.71 1.09 2.67 2.92 1.55 5.48
Distance to TV Screen
Close 1.00 1.00
Average 0.56 0.24 1.28 0.59 0.21 1.68
Far 0.48 0.22 1.04 0.72 0.27 1.96