Table 1: Details of the 14 cases described in the literature.

Author Sex/ Age Mechanism Fracture Configuration Imaging Difficulty in diagnosis Associated injuries and comorbidities Management Follow up Outcome and complications at final follow-up
An et al. 1989 [1] 97M Twisting fall Four-part intertochanteric & subcapital fracture Radiographs Subcapital fracture on subsequent imaging whilst patient in traction awaiting medical optimisation Arrythmia requiring cardioversion preoperatively Long porous coated stem with a bipolar head hemiarthroplasty and cerclage wires. Bone grafting to medial cortex. 8 months Asymptomatic
Pemberton et al. 1989 [2] 73 F Fell getting out of bed Subcapital Garden IV & basal cervical fracture Radiographs and isotope bone scan Radioisotope bone scan to confirm acute nature of both fractures Nil Five hole DHS 30 months No problems relating to hip.
No evidence of AVN on radiographs or isotope bone scan.
Cohen & Rzetelny 1999 [3] 79 F Fall at home Comminuted pertrochanteric & subcapital fracture Rdiographs Subcapital fracture noticed intraoperatively on fluoroscopic screening Nil Four hole DHS 24 months Painfree, mobilising with a stick
Lawrence & Isaacs 1993 [4] 72F Run over by a car Intertrochanteric & subcapital Garden II fracture Radiographs and CT Suspected subcapital fracture requiring CT scan for delineation Contralateral pubic rami fractures, pulmonary contusions Four hole DHS 1 month Satisfactory radiographs.
Discharged to hospice at 2 months and died shortly afterwards of metastatic bowel carcinoma
Kumar et al. 2001 [5] 83 F Slid down couch landing directly on hip Comminuted intertrochanteric & subcapital Garden II fracture Radiographs Nil Arryhthmia requiring correction preoperatively Derotation screw, five hole DHS, and trochanteric grip plate 12 months FWB with no hip pain.
Radiographs with satisfactory healing and minimal head collapse, Bone scan with evidence of AVN.
Lakshmanan & Peehal 2005 [6] 91 F Fell from bed Intracapsular fracture extending to the extracapsular lesser trochanter Radiographs Nil Nil Cemented hemiarthroplasty 6 moths Satisfactory clinically and radiographically
Sayegh et al. 2005 [7] 54 M Crush injury in an olive press Pertrochanteric and subcapital fracture with a nondisplaced greater trochanter Radiographs Nil Extensive soft tissue injury to ipsilateral distal third femur and knee, and closed fracture to ipsilateral humerus Open reduction and 5 hole DHS and cerclage wire 58 months 2cm shortening clinically, but satisfactory radiographs with union.
Butt et al. 2007 [8] 30 M RTA Intracapsular and & reverse oblique intertrochanteric fracture Radiographs Nil Nil DHS with derotation screw 12 months Pain free with no AVN
Poulter & Ashworth 2007 [9] 76 F Not stated Minimally displaced intertrochanteric & slightly angulated subcapital fracture Radiographs Nil Nil Percutaneous compression plate (two sliding screws in barrels with a plate) 4 months FWB, no pain, good ROM.
Satisfactory radiographs at 3 months.
Dhar et al. 2008 [10] 30 M RTA Femoral neck and trochanteric reverse oblique fracture Radiographs Nil Nil Two intertrochanteric lag screws, a DCP, and two cannulated neck screws. 12 months Pain free with no AVN
Perry & Scott 2008 [11] 86 F Fall at home Displaced intertrochanteric & undisplaced intracapsular fracture Radiographs Intracapsular fracture missed on initial radiographs and only appreciated once displaced following DHS fixation and 10 weeks of mobilisation Nil Four hole DHS 3 months Fixation failed despite 4 weeks of protected weight bearing, but patient refused further surgery
Loupasis et al. 2010 [12] 36 M Motorcyclist thrown after head on collision with car Displaced intertrochanteric & subcapital Garden II fracture Radiographs Nil Nil Three hole DHS with a derotation screw 24 months Asymptomatic, resumed normal activities. Harris hip score 93.0.
Radiographs satisfactory with no AVN.
Neogi et al. 2011 [13] 28 M Front seat unrestrained passenger involved in RTA Reverse oblique trochanteric and minimally displaced intracapsular fracture Radiographs and CT Intracapsular fracture only identified on CT scans performed for contralateral hip investigations Contralateral posterior hip dislocation, posterior acetabular fracture and femoral shaft fracture. DCS and derotation screw 28 months Good fuctional outcome with no AVN
Tahir et al. 2014 [14] 87 F Fall at nursing home Minimally displaced intertrochanteric and subcapital fracture Radiographs and CT Nil Cardiac arrhythmias noticed on admission Cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty and trochanteric plate 3 months Postoperative wound discharge requiring vaccum dressing.
At final follow-up, improving mobility and satisfactory radiographs.

AVN= Avascular Necrosis, RTA= Road Traffic Accident, CT= Computerised Tomography, DHS= Dynamic Hip Screw, FWB= Full Weight Bearing, DCS= Dynamic Condylar Screw, ROM= Range of Movement.