| Tests | Pelvic Incidence on Radio | Year | Description of a Positive Test | Se* | Sp* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Klein’s line | AP | 1952 | Klein's line fails to intersect the lateral part of the proximal epiphysis (femoral head) | 68.3% | 89.0% |
| Modified Klein’s line | AP | 2009 | The epiphyseal width lateral to Klein’s Line ≥ 2 mm between hips | 79%+ | NR |
|
Southwick Head Shaft Angle (SHSA) |
Frog –leg (lateral) | 1967 | head shaft angle ≥ 13° | NR | NR |
| The Wilson Percent Epiphyseal Displacement | Frog –leg (lateral) | 1960 | displacement of the epiphysis < 1/3 of the diameter of the femoral neck |
NR | NR |
| The Metaphyseal Blanch Sign of Steel | AP | 1986 | semicircular area of increased density on the proximal part of the femoral neck | NR | NR |
| The S-sign | Frog –leg (lateral) | 2017 | Broken continuity of the S, asymmetry, or sharp turns of the S-sign | 89.0% | 95.2% |
| Combination of S-sign and Klein's Line | Lateral and AP | 2017 | Combination of the positive results of the two parameters | 96.5% | 85.0 |