| Domain | Specific factors | Total number of studies | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstream SDoH | |||
| Health literacy and education | Lack of education | 19 | Yamasaki-Nakagawa et al. 2001; Xu and Borders 2003; Bell et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 2005; Masud et al. 2005; Sudore et al. 2006; Abdulraheem 2007; Blay et al. 2008; Mariolis et al. 2008; Iecovich and Carmel 2009; Ruthig et al. 2009; Jordan et al. 2011; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Ameh et al. 2014; De-Guzman et al. 2014; Onwubiko et al. 2014; Weaver and Gjesfjeld 2014; Nipun et al. 2015 |
| Lack of knowledge about health and healthcare services | 3 | Pullen et al. 2001; Abdulraheem 2007; Ameh et al. 2014 | |
| Passive healthcare seeking behaviors | Do not think as sick enough | 6 | Cheng et al. 2005; Judd, Komiti and Jackson 2008; Ruthig et al. 2009; Gopalan and Durairaj 2012; Ameh et al. 2014; Onwubiko et al. 2014; Nipun et al. 2015 |
| Self-treatment tendency | 3 | Masud et al. 2005; Jordan et al. 2011; Weaver and Gjesfjeld 2014 | |
| Mistrust to MHS | 11 | Yamasaki-Nakagawa et al. 2001; Young et al. 2001; Xu and Borders 2003; Peltzer 2004; Byles et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007; Huong et al. 2007; Gopichandran and Chetlapalli 2013; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013; De-Guzman et al. 2014; Onwubiko et al. 2014 | |
| Depression | 5 | Ingold et al. 2000; Judd et al. 2006; Sudore et al. 2006; Judd, Komiti and Jackson 2008; Chan and Griffiths 2009 | |
| Perceived stigma | 3 | Judd, Komiti and Jackson 2008; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013; Onwubiko et al. 2014 | |
| Lack of healthcare support | Limited healthcare services | 9 | Young et al. 2000; Xu and Borders 2003; Abdulraheem 2007; Heinrich et al. 2008; Mariolis et al. 2008; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Weaver and Gjesfjeld 2014; De-Guzman et al. 2014 |
| Inadequate healthcare professionals | 8 | Young et al. 2000; Borders 2004; Cheng et al. 2005; Sudore et al. 2006; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Ruthig et al. 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Ameh et al. 2014 | |
| Scarcity of medical equipment and medications | 5 | Cheng et al. 2005; Heinrich et al. 2008; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Ameh, Gomez-Olive et al. 2014 | |
| Long waiting times | 5 | Young et al. 2000; Borders 2004; Abdulraheem 2007; Liu et al. 2007; Nipun et al. 2015 | |
| Attitude of healthcare professionals | 4 | Peltzer 2004; Liu et al. 2007; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013; Ameh et al. 2014 | |
| Health insurance coverage | 11 | Xu and Borders 2003; Borders 2004; Hong et al. 2004; Bell et al. 2005; Sudore et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007; Blay et al. 2008; Ruthig et al. 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Ameh et al. 2014; Weaver and Gjesfjeld 2014 | |
| Upstream SDoH | |||
| Financial constraints | Poverty (Individual & household poverty) | 16 | Xu and Borders 2003; Melese et al. 2004; Bell et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 2005; Masud et al. 2005; Sudore et al. 2006; Abdulraheem 2007; Liu et al. 2007; Blay et al. 2008; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Iecovich and Carmel 2009; Ruthig et al. 2009; Gopalan and Durairaj 2012; Ameh et al. 2014; Weaver and Gjesfjeld 2014; Nipun et al. 2015 |
| Cost of treatments | 12 | Young et al. 2000; Young et al. 2001; Yamasaki-Nakagawa et al. 2001; Melese et al. 2004; Peltzer 2004; Bell et al. 2005; Byles et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007; Heinrich et al. 2008; Onwubiko et al. 2014; De-Guzman et al. 2014; Nipun et al. 2015 | |
| Lack of financial support | 3 | Chan and Griffiths 2009; Gopalan and Durairaj 2012; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013 | |
| Transportation difficulties | Distance and travel | 16 | Pullen et al. 2001; Young et al. 2001; Yamasaki-Nakagawa et al. 2001; Melese et al. 2004; Cheng et al. 2005; Harrison and Wardle 2005; Abdulraheem 2007; Huong et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2007; Mariolis et al. 2008; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Gopalan and Durairaj 2012; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013; Onwubiko et al. 2014; Nipun et al. 2015 |
| Transportation | 7 | Borders 2004; Hong et al. 2004; Melese et al. 2004; Harrison and Wardle 2005; Iecovich and Carmel 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Ameh et al. 2014 | |
| Relationship matters | Living alone | 8 | Ingold et al. 2000; Melese et al. 2004; Abdulraheem 2007; Liu et al. 2007; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Adu-Gyamfi and Abane 2013; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013; Onwubiko et al. 2014 |
| Decreased social networks | 3 | Liu et al. 2007; Chan and Griffiths 2009; Sharma, Mazta and Parashar 2013 | |
| A culture of restriction | Restriction in mobility | 5 | Ingold et al. 2000; Harrison and Wardle 2005; Huong et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2007; Iecovich and Carmel 2009 |
| Dependency on male family members | 3 | Ingold et al. 2000; Heinrich et al. 2008; Odaman and Ibiezugbe 2014 | |