Table 3: Potential causes and risk factors of male and female infertility.

General male population 0000% (95% CI) (N=480) Infertile male partner % (95% CI) (N=44) General female population % (95% CI) (N=480) Infertile female partner % (95% CI) (N=49)
Clinical history of the participant
Chryptorchidy 0.6 (0.2; 1.9) 0 Not Applicable (N/A) N/A
Varicocel 0.4 (0.1; 1.7) 0 N/A N/A
Sexually transmitted disease 15.3 (12.3; 18.8) 22.9 (12.9; 37.4) 26.6 (22.8; 30.8) 29.4 (18.3; 43.7)
Cirrhosis 0.6 (0.2; 1.9) 2.1 (0.3; 14.2)
Testicular torsion 0.6 (0.2; 1.9) 0 N/A N/A
Testicular trauma 3.6 (2.2; 5.6) 4.2 (1.0; 16.2) N/A N/A
Disorders of ejaculation or erection 19.2 (15.9; 22.0) 22.9 (12.9; 37.4) N/A N/A
No pregnancy N/A N/A 6.8 (4.8; 9.4) 65.3 (50.6; 77.6)
Ectopic pregnancy N/A N/A 1.7 (0.8; 3.3) 1.9 (0.2; 13.2)
Tubal surgery N/A N/A 1.9 (1.0; 3.6) 1.9 (0.2; 13.2)
Past abortion N/A N/A 1.9 (1.0; 3.6) 7.7 (2.8; 19.3)
Still-birth N/A N/A 2.1 (1.1; 3.8) 7.7 (2.8; 19.3)
Died immediately after birth N/A N/A 4.4 (2.3; 8.4) 0
History of infertility in the family 13.6 (10.8; 17.0) 17.0 (8.5; 31.1) 19.0 (15.7; 22.8) 15.4 (7.7; 28.4)
Gonad toxin exposition 5.2 (3.5; 7.6) 0 5.0 (4.2; 8.6) 0
Life habits and menses period knowledge
Smoking status
Never smoked 63.0 (58.6; 67.3) 45.8 (31.9; 60.4) 98.9 (97.5; 99.6) N/R
Current smoker 24.4 (20.8; 28.5) 25.0 (14.5; 39.6) 0.8 (0.3; 2.2) N/R
Past smoker 12.5 (9.8; 15.8) 29.2 (17.8; 43.1) 0.2 (0.0; 1.5) N/R
Number of cigarettes/day
≤5 56.7 (49.1; 64.0) 65.4 (44.3; 81.8) Not Reported (N/R) N/R
>5; ≤10 43.3 (36.0; 50.9) 34.6 (18.2; 55.7) N/R N/R
Duration in smoking (years)
≤5 14.1 (9.6; 20.3) 15.4 (5.5; 36.3) N/R N/R
>5; ≤10 24.7 (18.7; 31.8) 30.8 (15.4; 52.0 N/R N/R
>10; ≤15 24.1 (18.2; 31.2) 11.5 (3.5; 32.1) N/R N/R
>15 37.1 (30.1; 44.6) 42.3 (24.2; 62.8) N/R N/R
Alcohol drinking
Never drunk 70.4 (66.2; 74.4) 75.0 (60.4; 85.5) 90.0 (86.9; 92.4) 92.3 (80.7; 97.2)
Current drinker 25.0 (21.3; 29.1) 18.7 (9.8; 32.9) 8.1 (6.0; 11.0) 5.8 (1.8; 17.0)
Past drinker 4.6 (3.0; 6.9) 6.2 (1.9; 18.3) 1.9 (1.0; 3.6) 1.9 (0.25; 13.2)
Number of intercourses per month
≤4 45.5 (41.1; 50.0) 89.6 (76.7; 95.7) 44.1 (39.7; 48.6) 44.2 (31.0; 58.2)
>4; ≤12 46.5 (42.1; 51.0) 10.4 (4.26; 23.3) 47.7 (43.2; 52.2) 44.2 (31.0; 58.3)
>12 8.0 (5.8; 10.8) 0 8.2 (6.0; 11.0) 11.56 (5.1; 23.9)
Know the partner’s menses period 17.9 (14.8; 21.7) 22.9 (12.9; 37.4) 25.0 (21.3; 29.1) 15.4 (7.7; 28.4)
Checking of the correct period 3.3 (2.0; 5.4) 6.2 (1.9; 18.3) 10.4 (6.1; 17.20)