Table 1: The main patient characteristics regarding the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among type 2 diabetic patients (N=450).

Variable Total Sample (M±SD) or
N (%)
QUS score, N (%) P value
Normal BMD LBMD
Normal Osteopenia Osteoporosis
81(18.0%) 269 (59.8%) 100(22.2%)
Age (years) 62.67±9.24 60.78±9.88 62.68±9.19 64.19±8.62 0.047 a*
Menopausal age (years) (N= 194) 48.81±1.83 49.50±2.19 48.88±1.71 48.30±1.88 0.019 b*
Menopausal duration (years) (N= 194) 15.16±7.98 10.32±8.59 15.37±7.80 16.93±7.42 0.003 b*
BMI, kg/m2 26.36±4.39 29.33±4.99 25.64±3.83 25.88±4.34 0.000 b*
Waist to hip ratio 0.911±0.06 0.93±0.063 0.91±0.06 0.91±0.06 0.006 a*
Gender 0.004 c*
Male 231(51.3) 55(23.8) 126(54.5) 50(21.6)
Female 219(48.7) 26(11.9) 143(65.3) 50(22.8)
Race 0.572 c
Malay 127 (28.2) 27(21.3) 73(57.5) 27(21.3)
Chinese 204 (45.3) 30(14.7) 128(62.7) 46(22.5)
Indian 119 (26.4) 24(20.2) 68(57.1) 27(22.7)
Educational levels 0.015 c*
<12 years 285 (63.3) 42(14.7) 184(64.6) 59(20.7)
≥ 12 years 165 (36.7) 39(23.6) 85(51.5) 41(24.8)
Monthly income 0.868 c
Less than RM 2000 330 (73.3) 61(18.5) 195(59.1) 74(22.4)
More than RM 2000 120(26.7) 20(16.7) 74(61.7) 26(21.7)
Menopausal status (N=219) 0.602 c
Premenopausal 25 (11.4) 4(16.0) 17(68.0) 4(16.0)
Postmenopausal 194 (88.6) 22(11.3) 126(64.9) 46(23.7)
Employment status 0.527 c
Working 192 (42.7) 30(15.6) 118(61.5) 44(22.9)
Not working 258 (57.3) 51(19.8) 151(58.5) 56(21.7)
Living place 0.074 c
Rural 90 (20) 10(11.1) 54(60.0) 26(28.9)
Urban 360 (80) 71(19.7) 215(59.7) 74(20.6)
Family history of osteoporosis 0.451 c
No 392 (87.1) 73(18.6) 230(58.7) 89(22.7)
Yes 58 (12.9) 8(13.8) 39(67.2) 11(19.0)
Family history of Fracture 0.258 c
No 359 (79.8) 70(19.5) 211(58.8) 78(21.7)
Yes 91 (20.2) 11(12.1) 58(63.7) 22(24.2)
Smoking habit 0.853 c
Not smoking 318 (70.7) 59(18.6) 190(59.7) 69(21.7)
Smoking 132 (29.3) 22(16.7) 79(59.8) 31(23.5)
Alcohol habit 0.122 c
Non alcoholic 356 (79.1) 70(19.7) 212(59.6) 74(20.8)
Alcoholic 94 (20.9) 11(11.7) 57(60.6) 26(27.7)

a Continuous data are presented as mean ±standard deviation (M±SD) and P values were derived from one-way analysis of variance (for continuous variables normal distributed),
b Continuous data are presented as mean ±standard deviation (M±SD) and P values were derived from Kruskal Wallis test (for continuous variables not normal distributed),
c Categorical variables, expressed as frequency (percentage, %) of sample and P values were derived from the Chi-square test, *p < 0.05.
QUS, quantitative ultrasound; BMD, bone mineral density; LBMD, low bone mineral density; RM, Ringgit Malaysia.