Variable |
Total Sample (M±SD) or N (%) |
QUS score, N (%) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal BMD | LBMD | ||||
Normal | Osteopenia | Osteoporosis | |||
81(18.0%) | 269 (59.8%) | 100(22.2%) | |||
Age (years) | 62.67±9.24 | 60.78±9.88 | 62.68±9.19 | 64.19±8.62 | 0.047 a* |
Menopausal age (years) (N= 194) | 48.81±1.83 | 49.50±2.19 | 48.88±1.71 | 48.30±1.88 | 0.019 b* |
Menopausal duration (years) (N= 194) | 15.16±7.98 | 10.32±8.59 | 15.37±7.80 | 16.93±7.42 | 0.003 b* |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.36±4.39 | 29.33±4.99 | 25.64±3.83 | 25.88±4.34 | 0.000 b* |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.911±0.06 | 0.93±0.063 | 0.91±0.06 | 0.91±0.06 | 0.006 a* |
Gender | 0.004 c* | ||||
Male | 231(51.3) | 55(23.8) | 126(54.5) | 50(21.6) | |
Female | 219(48.7) | 26(11.9) | 143(65.3) | 50(22.8) | |
Race | 0.572 c | ||||
Malay | 127 (28.2) | 27(21.3) | 73(57.5) | 27(21.3) | |
Chinese | 204 (45.3) | 30(14.7) | 128(62.7) | 46(22.5) | |
Indian | 119 (26.4) | 24(20.2) | 68(57.1) | 27(22.7) | |
Educational levels | 0.015 c* | ||||
<12 years | 285 (63.3) | 42(14.7) | 184(64.6) | 59(20.7) | |
≥ 12 years | 165 (36.7) | 39(23.6) | 85(51.5) | 41(24.8) | |
Monthly income | 0.868 c | ||||
Less than RM 2000 | 330 (73.3) | 61(18.5) | 195(59.1) | 74(22.4) | |
More than RM 2000 | 120(26.7) | 20(16.7) | 74(61.7) | 26(21.7) | |
Menopausal status (N=219) | 0.602 c | ||||
Premenopausal | 25 (11.4) | 4(16.0) | 17(68.0) | 4(16.0) | |
Postmenopausal | 194 (88.6) | 22(11.3) | 126(64.9) | 46(23.7) | |
Employment status | 0.527 c | ||||
Working | 192 (42.7) | 30(15.6) | 118(61.5) | 44(22.9) | |
Not working | 258 (57.3) | 51(19.8) | 151(58.5) | 56(21.7) | |
Living place | 0.074 c | ||||
Rural | 90 (20) | 10(11.1) | 54(60.0) | 26(28.9) | |
Urban | 360 (80) | 71(19.7) | 215(59.7) | 74(20.6) | |
Family history of osteoporosis | 0.451 c | ||||
No | 392 (87.1) | 73(18.6) | 230(58.7) | 89(22.7) | |
Yes | 58 (12.9) | 8(13.8) | 39(67.2) | 11(19.0) | |
Family history of Fracture | 0.258 c | ||||
No | 359 (79.8) | 70(19.5) | 211(58.8) | 78(21.7) | |
Yes | 91 (20.2) | 11(12.1) | 58(63.7) | 22(24.2) | |
Smoking habit | 0.853 c | ||||
Not smoking | 318 (70.7) | 59(18.6) | 190(59.7) | 69(21.7) | |
Smoking | 132 (29.3) | 22(16.7) | 79(59.8) | 31(23.5) | |
Alcohol habit | 0.122 c | ||||
Non alcoholic | 356 (79.1) | 70(19.7) | 212(59.6) | 74(20.8) | |
Alcoholic | 94 (20.9) | 11(11.7) | 57(60.6) | 26(27.7) |