Fig. (2) Effects of intranasally administered sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P; 10^-5 M, 20 µL) on cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) obtained from control (Control) and repeatedly antigen-challenged (Challenged) mice. Each column represents the mean with SEM from 3 (Vehicle-Control) and 5 (the others) different animals. ^*P < 0.05 vs Vehicle-Control and ^***P < 0.001 vs S1P-Challenged by Bonferroni/Dunn’s test. The antigeninduced increase in cell number was significantly augmented by the S1P treatment (Vehicle-Challenged vs S1P-Challenged, ^##P < 0.01 by Bonferroni/Dunn’s test).