| Population | Chronic Renal Failure Patients Stage G3 to G5 |
|---|---|
| Phenomenon of interest | The phenomenon of interest included • Measure of bone mineral density in CKD patients • Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among CKD patients |
| Primary outcome measure | The outcome measures of interest included but were not restricted to the following: • Method used for studying the prevalence of osteoporosis in CKD patients • Impact of CKD stage and other factors on BMD levels • Difference in T score values for different sites among CKD patients |
| Types of studies | Quantitative cross-sectional / longitudinal clinical studies. Studies were included if they reported one or more of the outcomes detailed above |
| Exclusions | Following were excluded • Studies involving renal transplant patients • Studies not measuring bone mineral density • Studies not reporting the T score for BMD test • Studies not measuring both osteopenia and osteoporosis • Studies not following WHO criteria for osteoporosis using BMD T score values. • Studies including CKD patients having GFR values >60ml/min • Studies involving patient receiving medication known to influence bone and mineral metabolism such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hormone replacement therapy, anticoagulants, lithium and anticonvulsants, etc. • Studies involving patients below 18 years of age |