Canola is the most important biomass besides sunflower, palm and soybean with respect to biodiesel production. Because of relatively high nutrient requirement, great attention should be paid to fertility management in canola production [1C.A. Grant, and L.D. Bailey, "Fertility management in canola production", Can. J. Plant Sci., vol. 73, pp. 651-670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087] ]. Increasing the input of mineral nutrients plays an important role in yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency. Canola requires more nitrogen than cereal crops. According to Kaefer et al. [2J.E. Kaefer, V.F. Guimarães, A. Richart, G.O. Tomm, and A.L. Müller, "Grain yield and yield components in canola according to nitrogen sources and rates", Pesg. Agropec. Bras., Brasilia., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 273-280.], although grain yield and protein and oil contents in seeds were not affected by the N sources, increasing N rates increased protein contents and reduced oil contents in canola seeds. Smith et al. [3C.J. Smith, G.C. Wright, and M.R. Woodroofe, "The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in south-eastern australia", Irrig. Sci., vol. 9, pp. 15-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292140] ] reported that large amounts of N fertilizer reduced the oil content but enhanced the protein content in canola and found a negative correlation between oil concentration and protein content. Phosphorus is required in smaller amounts than N for plant growth but is very important for energy transfer. For optimizing canola production, P fertilization is recommended [1C.A. Grant, and L.D. Bailey, "Fertility management in canola production", Can. J. Plant Sci., vol. 73, pp. 651-670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087] ]. Potassium is involved as a plant nutrient in numerous physiological and biochemical processes. In general, its uptake by oilseed rape is greater than that of any other nutrient [4K. Orlovius, "Fertilizing for high yield and quality, Oilseed rape", IPI Bulletin No. 16, Basel, .]. Due to the rapid redistribution of K within the plant, K deficiency symptoms may not necessarily be observed in the field and the fundamental importance of K may not be recognized [5V. Römheld, and E.A. Kirkby, "Research on potassium in agriculture, needs and prospects", Plant Soil, vol. 335, pp. 155-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0520-1] ]. Cheema et al. [6M.A. Cheema, M.A. Wahid, A. Sattar, F. Rasul, and M.F Saleem, "Influence of different levels of potassium on growth, yield and quality of canola (Brassica napus) cultivars", Pak. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 163-168.] studied the influence of K levels on two canola cultivars and found that oil content progressively decreased with an increase in K level. According to a soil K test index in China, K fertilizer is recommended to increase soil fertility and achieve high seed yield in winter oilseed rape [7T. Ren, J. Lu, H. Li, J. Zou, H. Xu, X. Liu, and X. Li, "Potassium-fertilizer management in winter oilseed-rape production in China", J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., vol. 176, pp. 429-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200257] ]. Jankowski et al. [8K.J. Jankowski, M. Sokolski, B. Dubis, S. Krzebietke, P. Zarczynski, P. Hulanicki, and P.S. Hulanicki, "Yield and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seeds in response to foliar application of boron", Agric. Food Sci., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 164-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.57413] ] found increased yield in winter oilseed rape seeds with foliar application of boron and fertilizer, which improved the nutritional value of seed but lowered its feed value. According to Gao et al. [9J. Gao, K.D. Thelen, D.H. Min, S. Smith, X. Hao, and R. Gehl, "Effects of manure and fertilizer applications on canola oil content and fatty acid composition", Agron. J., vol. 102, pp. 790-797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0368] ], the remaining rapeseed meal can be used after extraction as an organic fertilizer for the cropland or as a source of animal feed.

In cases of insufficiency of the organic matter in the soil, the use of organic residues, by-products or wastes is gaining high importance in improving soil fertility and plant nutrition. Several agro-industrial residues have relatively high concentrations of nutrients, and these could regulate the physical and chemical properties of the soils. Many studies have been performed on the effect of agro-industrial wastes on soil fertility and plant nutrition. Some of these are Singh et al. [10S. Singh, D. Singh, and D.C. Gupta, "Influence of agro-industrial wastes on the macro- and micronutrients of three types of soil before and after their incorporation", Environ. Ecol., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 252-254.], who used pressed sludge, molasses and rice husks, Steponavicius [11A. Steponavicius, "Accumulation of sludge during the treatment of wastewater from milk processing companies and its application as a soil fertilizer", in Research for rural development. Int., pp. 73-76. Scientific conference proceedings, 19-22 May, Jelgava, Latvia], who used the sludge of milk production, Stepkowsha et al. [12E.T. Stepkowska, C. Maqueda, E. Morillo, R. Lopez, and J.L. Perez-Rodriguez, "Changes in physico-chemical properties of soils fertilized by agro-industrial residues", Fresenius Environ. Bull., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 300-304.] with a compost of olive oil sludges, Elmacı et al. [13Ö.L. Elmacı, M. Seçer, Ş. Ceylan, and H. Akdemir, "Possibility of using solid- liquid- organic- inorganic- production residues as fertilizer in plant growth", In: Ege University Scientific Research Project Report., Bornova İzmir Turkey, 2003. No: 99-ZRF-38] with various solid and liquid agro-industrial wastes, and Kılıç et al. [14K. Kılıç, K. Saltalı, and A.K. Sürücü, "The effect of tobacco waste application on the physical and chemical properties of alkaline soils", Turk. J. Agric. For., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 87-91.], who used tobacco wastes. According to Elmacı et al. [15Ö.L. Elmacı, M. Seçer, N. Okur, Ş. Ceylan, H. Akdemir, and H. H. Kayıkçıoğlu, "Effects of solid wastes of medicinal and aromatic plant factories on microbiological activity of soil and growth, yield and quality of cotton", In: Ege University Scientific Research Project Report., Bornova İzmir Turkey, 2005. No: 03-ZRF-54], the application of production residues of cumin and oregano to the soil increased the microbiological activity of the soil most with cumin wastes, but mineral fertilizer application had no effect on microbial biomass and activity in the soil. The use of medicinal and aromatic plants such as cumin and oregano is widespread in the world in many branches of industry: Turkey supplies 70% of the world’s oregano and has many processing factories [16C. Kayhan, Medicinal and aromatic plants. Research projects working group meeting. Speaker. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü, Menemen İzmir Turkey. (Unpublished), 1991.]. However, the waste from these factories causes problems with respect to storage requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate these wastes for the nutrition of canola plants.

A field experiment was conducted with canola plants (Brassica napus L.) using solid wastes which had been separately composted for 7.5 months from a medicinal and aromatic plant factory in the Ödemiş district of İzmir province in Turkey. Three samples were taken from each composted waste type (cumin and oregano) as specified in Table 1 and analysed for their physical and chemical properties. In this manner, the pH, total soluble salts [17 Anonymous, Diagnosis improvement of saline and alkali Soils, in Agr. Handbook, No:60, p:19, U.S. Salinity Lab. Staff., U.S.Govth. Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1954.], organic matter [18 Anonymous, "“Methodenbuch zur Analyse von Kompost,” in Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost. E.V., November1994", Kapitel, vol. II, pp. 9-11.] and total N [19J.M. Bremner, "Total Nitrogen", C.A. Black, Ed., Methods of soil analysis Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties., Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc.: Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 1149-1178.] contents of the wastes were determined. For the determination of macro- and micronutrients, the samples of wastes were wet digested (HNO₃:HClO₄; 4:1) [20C.R. Campbell, and C.O. Plank, "Sample preparation", C. Oven Plank, Ed., Plant analysis reference procedures for the Southern Region of the United States, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences the University of Georgia., .]. In the extractions, the content of P was determined by colorimeter [21W.L. Lott, J.P. Nery, J.R. Gall, and J.C. Medcoff, "Leaf Analysis Technique in coffe research", in I.B.E.C. Research Inst., . Publish No: 9], that of K, Ca and Na by flame photometer and that of Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) [22R.A. Isaac, and W.C. Johnson, "Zn in plant by emission spectroscopy", Plant analysis reference procedures for the southern region of the united States, georgia agricultural experiment stations college of agricultural and environmental sciences the University of Georgia, .]. For the determination of B content, extraction with hot water was performed on the soil and on the wastes after digestion of the samples at 500^oC. The boron content of the extracts was measured using a 1:1 dianthrimid indicator with colorimeter [20C.R. Campbell, and C.O. Plank, "Sample preparation", C. Oven Plank, Ed., Plant analysis reference procedures for the Southern Region of the United States, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences the University of Georgia., ., 23B. Wolf, "The determination of boron in soil extracts. Plant materials. composts. manures. water and nutrient solutions", Soil Science and Plant Analysis., vol. 2, pp. 363-373.].

Physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients were determined in the soils of the field experiment at the beginning of vegetation. In these soils, total soluble salt [24 Anonymous, U.S. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Survey Manual, U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook 18, U.S. Gout. Printing Office, Washington DC. USA, 1951.], CaCO₃ [25H.P. Blume, K. Stahr, and P. Leinweber, Bodenkundliches Praktikum, . pektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg, 3. Auflage, 121], organic matter content [26E. Reuterberg, and F. Kremkus, “Bestimmung von Gesamthumus und alkalischen Humusstoffen im Boden,” Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Düng. und Bodenkd., Verlag Chemie GmbH.: Weinheim, .], texture [27G.J. Bouyoucos, "Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil", Agron. J., vol. 54, no. 5, .
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x] ] and total N content [18 Anonymous, "“Methodenbuch zur Analyse von Kompost,” in Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost. E.V., November1994", Kapitel, vol. II, pp. 9-11.] were analysed in addition to pH [28M.L. Jackson, Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of India private limited. New Delhi, 1967.]. The amounts of available K, Ca and Na in the soil were determined by flame photometer, and Mg was determined by AAS [28M.L. Jackson, Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of India private limited. New Delhi, 1967.] after extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc [29 Anonymous, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Edited by R.Burt, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil survey Investigations Report No:42 version 4.0, November, 2004]. Available P was measured by colorimeter in an extract with distilled water [30F.T. Bingham, "Chemical soil tests for available phosphorus", Soil Sci., vol. 94, pp. 87-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196208000-00005] ]. Available Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were extracted with 0.05 M DTPA+TEA and measured by AAS [31W.L. Lindsay, and W.A. Norvell, "Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper", Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 42, pp. 421-428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x] ].

The field experiment was conducted using coincident block design with three blocks and four plots of 6 m² each per block. Additionally, mineral fertilizer and control plots were also arranged in order to compare the cumin and oregano wastes. The composted wastes (40 t ha^-1) were incorporated into the soil before planting at a depth of 15-20 cm. Mineral fertilizers were applied at recommended doses of 200 kg N ha^-1, 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and 200 kg K₂O ha^-1. One third of the N doses and the whole of the P and K were given as 15:15:15, NH₄NO₃ (33 N % W.B.) and in the form of K₂SO₄ at planting, another 1/3 was given at the beginning of vegetation, and the third N dose was given two weeks after the second application as NH₄NO₃. Brassica napus (L.) was planted in each plot in eight rows with 30 cm between rows and 5-7 cm above the rows. At the end of vegetation, soil samples were taken from all plots at a depth of 0-20 cm and changes in physical and chemical properties and macro- micro nutrients were determined.

Leaf samples were taken at flowering and analysed for all macro- and micronutrient contents by the methods described above.

At the end of the vegetation, the plants were harvested. Plant height, plant number per m², shoot and carob number per plant, seed number per carob and seed yield per m² and ha were determined as growth and yield parameters. Crude protein and oil percentages were obtained as quality parameters. Total N content in seeds was analysed according to the modified Kjeldahl method [19J.M. Bremner, "Total Nitrogen", C.A. Black, Ed., Methods of soil analysis Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties., Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc.: Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 1149-1178.] and multiplied by 6.25 to obtain the crude protein percentage [32A. Finck, Pflanzenernährung in Stichworten.“ Verlag Ferdinand Hırt. s: 57, 1969.]. The oil percentage of the air-dried seeds directly was determined with the Oxford Newport Analyser (NMR).

Statistical analyses were performed using the Tarist 4.01 DOS [33 Genel istatistik. Sürüm 4.01 DOS. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma, E.Ü.Z.F. Tarla Bitkileri, İzmir Turkey, 1994.] package. The data was analysed by one factor coincidental block design, and variance analysis was applied. Mean values were separated according to the Least Significant Difference method at p ≤ 0.01.

Table 1 shows the physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients of the composted wastes used in the experiment. The pH values of the wastes were slightly alkaline (7.4) for the oregano wastes and medium alkaline (8.3) for the cumin wastes. The organic matter content and all of macro- and micronutrients except Fe and Na contents were higher in the cumin wastes than in the oregano wastes. Table 2 represents the physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrient content of the experimental soil.

Table 1
Some physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrients of composted wastes used in the canola experiment.

This soil was neutral, had no salinity problem, was low in CaCO₃ and organic matter, and had a loamy sandy texture. Regarding macronutrients, the total N and available Mg contents of the soil were at a medium level, while according to Güneş et al. [34A. Güneş, and M. Alpaslan, İnal. Bitki Besleme ve Gübreleme. Ank. Üni. Zir. Fak. Yay. No: 1514, s:199, 2000.], available K and Ca were low, and according to Chapmann and Pratt [35H.D. Chapman, and P.F. Pratt, Methods of analysis for soils, plants and waters., University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, .], P levels were high. Akdemir et al. [36H. Akdemir, M. Oktay, M.E. İrget, H. Hakerlerler, H. Atıl, and T. Öcel, "Effect of nitrogen rates on potato yield, quality and mineral composition. E.Ü", Zir. Fak. Dergisi, vol. 34, pp. 1-8.] found 11.4 mg kg^-1 of available P in this region’s soils and Oktay et al. [37M. Oktay, H. Akdemir, H. Hakerlerler, M.E. İrget, H. Atıl, and Y. ve, "Potassium fertilizer application in different forms and dosages effect on yield, yield components and some quality characteristics", E.Ü. Zir. Fak. Dergisi, vol. 34, pp. 81-88.] found 12.5 mg kg^-1. The contents of Fe, Cu and Zn were found to be good and sufficient and Mn was insufficient, while boron was below the toxic level of 0.5 mg kg^-1 given by Güneş et al. [34A. Güneş, and M. Alpaslan, İnal. Bitki Besleme ve Gübreleme. Ank. Üni. Zir. Fak. Yay. No: 1514, s:199, 2000.].

Table 2
Physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrient contents of experimental soil (0-20 cm depth).

Changes in the soil’s physical and chemical properties such as macro and micronutrients contents after the vegetation period of the canola plant are shown in Table 3. The applications had no effect on the pH and total soluble salt content of the soil compared with the beginning of vegetation. A similar effect was also demonstrated by Elmaci et al. [38Ö.L. Elmacı, M. Seçer, Ş. Ceylan, and H. Akdemir, Effects of Soil Properties of Medical-Aromatic Plant Operation on Soil Properties and Yield and Quality of Cotton Plant. 4th National Plant Nutrition Congress 8-10 October 2008 Konya-Turkey, Proceedings Book, 497-508, 2008.] with cumin and oregano wastes applied for cotton nutrition. The fact that the total soluble salt values in the control and oregano and cumin treatments were equal indicated that the wastes carried no risk with respect to salinity. During the vegetation, the CaCO₃ and organic matter percentages of the soils increased by at least twofold in nearly all treatments. Statistical differences were observed between the applications in respect of the CaCO₃ (p<0.01) and organic matter (p<0.05) percentages of the soils. As expected, oregano and cumin wastes had statistically the most increasing effect on the organic matter percentages of the soil. Elmaci et al. [38Ö.L. Elmacı, M. Seçer, Ş. Ceylan, and H. Akdemir, Effects of Soil Properties of Medical-Aromatic Plant Operation on Soil Properties and Yield and Quality of Cotton Plant. 4th National Plant Nutrition Congress 8-10 October 2008 Konya-Turkey, Proceedings Book, 497-508, 2008.] found the highest organic matter increase in soils planted with cotton to which oil-free oregano had been applied. Bahtiyar [39M. Bahtiyar, "Topraklarımızın durumu, sorunları ve öneriler", Tema Dergisi, vol. 21, pp. 24-29.] stated that organic wastes of different origins had recently been used as a soil amendment to increase or regulate organic matter content in the soil. At the end of vegetation, only the total N percentage of soils was affected significantly by the applications. Cumin wastes have the most pronounced effect on the total N content of the soil, while oregano wastes also have a statistical increasing effect on it. Although not at a significant level, other macronutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg and Na were higher in the soil of plots to which oregano or cumin wastes had been applied than in the others. The highest Ca content after harvest of the soils to which oregano was applied is well correlated with the highest CaCO₃ percentage of these soils. Elmacı et al. [38Ö.L. Elmacı, M. Seçer, Ş. Ceylan, and H. Akdemir, Effects of Soil Properties of Medical-Aromatic Plant Operation on Soil Properties and Yield and Quality of Cotton Plant. 4th National Plant Nutrition Congress 8-10 October 2008 Konya-Turkey, Proceedings Book, 497-508, 2008.] found Ca levels with a significance of higher than p<0.01 in soils with cotton to which oregano wastes had been applied. Compared with the beginning of vegetation, waste applications increased the N, P, K, Mg and Na content of the soils, while available Ca content decreased considerably at the end of the vegetation. With respect to the micronutrients of the soil, no significant differences could be obtained between the treatments Table 3 but the levels of Mn and B were increased in all treatments as compared with the beginning of the experiment (see Table 2).

Table 3
Various physical and chemical properties and macro- and micronutrient content of treated soils (0-20 cm depth) after harvest.

Table 4 shows the macro- and micronutrient contents of leaves at the flowering stage. Bergmann [40W. Bergmann, Nutritional Disorders of Plants “Development and Analytical Diagnosis.”., Gustav Fisher Verlag Jena-Stutgart: New York, p. 346.] gave sufficient values in percentages for canola leaves at early flowering as N: 4.0 to 5.5, P: 0.35 to 0.70, K: 2.8 to 5.0, Ca: 1.0 to 2.0 and Mg: 0.25 to 0.40, and the leaves in the experiment indicated sufficient levels of these elements. Reuters and Robinson [41D.J. Reuter, Robinson, Plant analysis: an interpretation manual,” National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0909605 41.6, 1986.] determined 0.02 to 0.54% Na as sufficient and 0.7 to 1.1% as high.

Table 4
Macro- and micronutrients of leaves at the flowering stage (dry weight basis).

Compared with the values given by Reuter and Robinson [41D.J. Reuter, Robinson, Plant analysis: an interpretation manual,” National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0909605 41.6, 1986.] of Cu: 4 to 25, Zn: 22 to 49, Mn: 31 to 250 and B: 22 to 54 mg kg^-1, the leaves were at low sufficient levels with respect to Cu, Zn and Mn, and at less than sufficient levels with respect to boron. Only Mn and B were affected significantly by the applications. Manganese levels were higher in plots fertilized with minerals, and boron levels were higher in plots to which wastes had been applied. According to Grant and Bailey [1C.A. Grant, and L.D. Bailey, "Fertility management in canola production", Can. J. Plant Sci., vol. 73, pp. 651-670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087] ], micronutrient deficiencies in canola are not common, but might occur on specific soils.

The yield parameters of the canola plants at harvest can be seen in Table 5. Plant height was between 152 and 157 cm and was not significantly affected by the applications. Statistically, the highest plant number per m² was observed in the plots to which cumin wastes were applied. Shoot numbers per plant were between 6 and 7, carob numbers were between 100 and 130, and seed numbers per carob were between 250 and 293. These were not significantly affected by the treatments. Seed yield varied between 2.3 and 3.3 t ha^-1, and the highest value was obtained from the plots with cumin wastes, although this was not significant. Akdemir et al. [42H. Akdemir, A. Gürel, R.C. Akdeniz, and S. Boyar, Oil crops for agriculture and biodiesel production facilities in turkey in energy crops and green fuels symposium, 14-15 December 2006 Bornova-Izmir, 49-60, 2006.] registered a 2.0 to 3.5 t ha^-1 canola yield which varied with variety, soil and climatic conditions. According to Marquard [43R. Marquard, Rapsanbau für die Kraftstoffproduktion, in Enerji Bitkileri ve Yeşil Yakıtlar Sempozyumu, 14-15 Aralık 2006 Bornova-İzmir. 7-14, 2006.], canola yield was approximately 3.6 t ha^-1 in Germany. Canola yields were improved especially by fertilization with sidedress N, soil-applied S and foliar-applied boron [44M. Bao-Luo, D.K. Biswas, A.W. Herath, J.K. Whalen, S.Q. Ruan, C. Caldwell, H. Earl, A. Vanasse, P. Scott, and D.L. Smith, "Growth, yield, and yield components of canola affected by nitrogen, sulphur and boron application", J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., vol. 178, pp. 658-670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201400280] ]. Increases in canola yield have been reported with B, Zn and Cu application [1C.A. Grant, and L.D. Bailey, "Fertility management in canola production", Can. J. Plant Sci., vol. 73, pp. 651-670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087] ]. Ebrahimian et al. [45E. Ebrahimian, A. Bybordi, and M. Seyyedi, "How nitrogen and zinc levels affect seed yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of canola irrigated with saline and ultra saline water", Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 345-355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1269804] ] reported that N and Zn had a significant effect on plant weight, pod number per plant and seed yield. In winter, rape seed yield increased by more than 10% with boron as well as a combination of B and Cu fertilization [46U. Sienkiewicz-Cholewa, and R. Kieloch, "Effect of sulphur and micronutrients fertilization on yield and fat content in winter rape seeds (Brassica napus L.)", Plant Soil Environ., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 164-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2015-PSE] ].

Table 5
Yield parameters of canola at harvest.

Seed protein and oil contents are shown in Table 6. Seed crude protein was 25 to 27% and seed oil was 41 to 43%, and they were also not significantly affected by the applications. Kolsarıcı [47Ö. Kolsarıcı, Potential of oiled seed plants to be used in biodiesel production as a raw material and their compliance with biodiesel, in energy plants and green fuels symposium, 14-15 December 2006 Bornova-Izmir, 15-32, 2006.] and Kıllı [48F. Kıllı, Significant characteristics of oil plants and fuel related to fuel production and biodiesel, 14-15 Aralık 2006 Bornova-Izmir, 41-48, 2006.] reported 40 to 45% seed total oil in canola plants and Akdemir et al. [42H. Akdemir, A. Gürel, R.C. Akdeniz, and S. Boyar, Oil crops for agriculture and biodiesel production facilities in turkey in energy crops and green fuels symposium, 14-15 December 2006 Bornova-Izmir, 49-60, 2006.] reported 38 to 50%. According to Akdemir et al. [42H. Akdemir, A. Gürel, R.C. Akdeniz, and S. Boyar, Oil crops for agriculture and biodiesel production facilities in turkey in energy crops and green fuels symposium, 14-15 December 2006 Bornova-Izmir, 49-60, 2006.], seed crude protein in canola is approximately 16 to 24%. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased the protein contents but decreased the oil contents of rape seed; however, these parameters were not significantly influenced by the application of P and K fertilizer [49M. Yousaf, X. Li, T. Ren, R. Cong, S.T. Ata-Ul Karim, A.N. Shah, M.J. Khan, Z. Zhang, S. Fahad, and J. Lu, "Response of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on productivity and quality of winter rapseed in central china", Int. J. Agric. Biol., vol. 16, pp. 1137-1142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0217] ].

Table 6
Seed protein and oil content of canola.

According to Lucas et al. [50F.T. Lucas, E.L.M. Coutinho, J. M. V. Paes, and J.C. Barbosa, "Yield and quality of canola grains due to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization", 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n6Supl1p3205, 3205-3218] ], N and S fertilization increased canola yield without significantly altering the content of oil and crude protein. Oil content in winter rapeseeds increased after the highest S dose (60 kg S ha^-1), as well as after application of B and Cu fertilization [46U. Sienkiewicz-Cholewa, and R. Kieloch, "Effect of sulphur and micronutrients fertilization on yield and fat content in winter rape seeds (Brassica napus L.)", Plant Soil Environ., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 164-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2015-PSE] ].

When agroindustrial solid wastes of oregano and cumin wastes were used in a canola vegetation experiment, the leaves indicated sufficient levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Manganese and boron content of the leaves, which was below sufficient levels, was significantly affected by the applications. Maximum yield and statistically the highest number of plants per m² were observed with cumin wastes. The applications did not significantly affect seed yield, protein or oil percentage. In conclusion, as stated in most of the literature, quality characteristics such as the oil and protein content of canola were not very much affected by applications and environmental conditions, and the genetics of this plant plays a more important role in this respect.