Arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and FA (Fig. 1A) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Thrombin (THR) was the product of Dade Behring (Eschborn, Germany). Disposable cuvettes for antiplatelet aggregation assay were from SUCCESS Technology Development Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). Deionized water was prepared using a Millipore Milli Q-Plus system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All other chemicals not mentioned here were analytical grade from standard sources. CF (purity > 95.0% determined by HPLC, Fig. 1B) was separated and purified from essential oil of A. sinensis in our lab [23Lin LZ, He XG, Lian LZ, King W, Elliott J. Liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric study of the phthalides of Angelica sinensis and chemical changes of Z-ligustilide J Chromatogr A 1998; 810(1-2 ): 71-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00201-5] ]. The structure of CF was confirmed by its UV, MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR data [19Xie JJ, Lu J, Qian ZM, Yu Y, Duan JA, Li SP. Optimization and comparison of five methods for extraction of coniferyl ferulate from Angelica sinensis Molecules 2009; 14(1): 555-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules14010555] [PMID: 19169202] , 24Lu XH, Zhang JJ, Liang H, Zhao YY. Chemical constituents of Angelica sinensis J Chin Pharmaceut Sci 2004; 13(1): 1-3.].

Fig. (1) Chemical structures of ferulic acid (FA) and coniferyl ferulate (CF).

The experiments were performed in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. Male New Zealand white rabbits (1.8-2.5 kg) and non-pregnant sexually mature female Kunming mice (6-7 weeks, 18-22 g) were obtained from Experimental Animal Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. All animals were maintained on a pellet diet and water ad libitum and kept under the laboratory condition of light/dark cycle 12/12 hours.

Rabbit platelets were used for antiplatelet aggregation assays. Blood from the rabbit carotid artery was collected in plastic tubes and anticoagulated with 3.2% sodium citrate solution (9:1, v/v). The blood sample was centrifuged at 100 × g for 10 min, platelet rich plasma was obtained. Then the precipitate was centrifuged at 1,925 × g for another 10 min to obtain platelet poor plasma. The final count of platelets in platelet rich plasma was adjusted to 7×10⁹ cells/ml with platelet poor plasma.

FA and CF were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Stock solutions of AA, ADP and THR were prepared with 1% sodium bicarbonate solution, phosphate buffer solution and deionized water, respectively.

Antiplatelet aggregation assays were performed by turbidimetric method [25Born GVR. Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal Nature 1962; 194(4832): 927-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/194927b0] [PMID: 13871375] ] on a SC-2000 aggregometer (SUCCESS Technology Development Co. Ltd, Beijing). The test samples were pre-incubated with platelets for 5 min at 37 (C. Then the platelet aggregation was induced by addition of AA, ADP or THR solution with final concentration of 330 μM, 15 μM and 0.3 IU, respectively. All tests were performed within 3 h after the collection of blood. Corresponding solvents were used as blank controls for the corresponding test. The antiplatelet aggregation potency is expressed as inhibition (%) which was calculated as follows:

Inhibition% = (A - B) / A × 100%

where A and B were the absorbance values of corresponding blank controls and test samples, respectively.

Oxytocin-induced female mice uterine contraction assay was tested in vitro [26Chao J, Buse J, Shimamoto K, Margolius HS. Kallikrein-induced uterine contraction independent of kinin formation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78(10 ): 6154-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.10.6154] [PMID: 6947218] [PMCID: PMC348996] ]. In brief, synchronistically estrus mice were pretreated with estradiol benzoate (5 mg/kg, s.c.) 24 h prior to the study. On the third day, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the uteri were isolated. The whole uterus was taken as one sample. The cervical end was tied to perspex holder, and the two ovarian ends were put together as another end tied to an isometric force transducer. A resting tension of 1 g was applied for superfusion with oxygenated Krebs (95% O₂, 5% CO₂, pH 7.3) at 37 (C. Equilibration period was not less than 45 min. After establishing a steady basal tone, oxytocin (5 U/ml) was added to baths. Once the contraction reached a plateau, FA and CF of cumulative concentrations were added to organ bath with an interval of about 10 min. Dimethyl sulfoxide (3‰) was taken as vehicle control. Contractions were recorded by PowerLab/8s data recording system (AD Instruments, Australia) which was linked to a mackintosh computer (Powermac 7200/120, Apple, USA) where Chart software (v. 4.2.2 AD Instruments, Australia) was used to display and measure the tension changes of tissues. Antioxytocin effects were expressed as a percentage of relaxation based on 5 U/ml oxytocin-induced plateau contraction.

Data were expressed as the mean ± SD and presented as an average of three replicates. The IC₅₀ (the concentration that providing 50% inhibition) values were calculated based on linear regression of the inhibitory capacities to the concentrations or the logistics of concentration.

Both FA and CF concentration-dependently inhibited AA, ADP and THR-induced platelet aggregations. As shown in Table 1, FA inhibited platelet aggregation induced by AA, ADP and THR with IC₅₀ values of 974.8 ± 97.5, 737.9 ± 40.2 and 244.6 ± 25.6 μg/ml, respectively. The potency of CF is much higher than that of FA, and the IC₅₀ values for AA, ADP and THR were 7.1 ± 0.3, 276.4 ± 53.4 and 77.5 ± 23.1 μg/ml, respectively. The results of FA agreed with Ou’s report which also showed that FA had antiplatelet aggregation effect [27Ou S, Kwok KC. Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in food J Sci Food Agric 2004; 84(11 ): 1261-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1873] ]. The results accounted for the antiplatelet aggregation mechanismof A. sinensis injection [6Dong WG, Liu SP, Zhu HH, Luo HS, Yu JP. Abnormal function of platelets and role of Angelica sinensis in patients with ulcerative colitis World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(4 ): 606-9.
[PMID: 14966927] ] and activation blood circulation mechanism of A. sinensis [1The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People’s Republic of China Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China 2005; 1: 89.]. CF had stronger effect than FA, but CF is unstable and readily hydrolyzed into FA during conventional extraction, which indicates that we should improve extraction method to reduce such hydrolysis when A. sinensis was mainly used to improve platelet aggregation.

Table 1

Inhibitory Effects of FA and CF on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation Induced by AA (330 µM), ADP (15 µM) and THR (0.3U/ml)In Vitro.

Oxytocin, a nonapeptide hormone, induces uterine and mammary gland contractions. Both tissues express oxytocin receptors. The number of these receptors is increased by estrogen and decreased by progesterone [28Parker KL, Schimmer BP, Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics In Pituitary Hormones and Their Hypothalamic Releasing Factors 2006; 1489-510.]. So the mice were pretreated with estradiol benzoate 24 h prior to the study to increase the oxytocin receptor numbers and thus increase the sensitivity of uterine to the stimulation of oxytocin in vitro.

The results showed that both FA and CF inhibited oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in a concentration-dependent manner, and FA had more potent inhibitory effect than CF (Fig. 2). Actually, the concentration-dependent response of CF only could be found when the concentration beyond 25 μg/ml according to Fig. (2), and the concentrations of CF below 25 μg/ml had no obvious inhibition on oxytocin-induced mice uterine contraction. IC₅₀ of FA was 23.8 ± 6.2 μg/ml. Potent prostaglandins and potent leukotrienes play an important role in generating primary dysmenorrhea symptoms [29Harel Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments and management strategies Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9(15): 2661-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.9.15.2661] [PMID: 18803452] ], so the anti-inflammatory effect of A. sinensis may help to treat dysmenorrhea [3Xie CH, Zhang MS, Zhou YF, et al. Chinese medicine Angelica sinensis suppresses radiation-induced expression of TNF-a and TGF-ß1 in mice Oncol Rep 2006; 15(6 ): 1429-36.]. Moreover, in non-pregnant women, the oxytocin receptor density varies over the menstrual cycle and increases markedly at the onset of menstruation. So blocking the uterine oxytocin receptor can inhibit primary dysmenorrhoea [30Akerlund M. Vasopressin and oxytocin in normal reproduction and in the pathophysiology of preterm labour and primary dysmenorrhoea Development of receptor antagonists for therapeutic use in these conditions Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2004; 49: 18-21.
[PMID: 15631309] ]. Therefore, the potent anti-spasm activity of FA on oxytocin-induced uterine contraction could also partly elucidate the anti-dysmenorrhea mechanism of A. sinensis. Since CF has strong hydrophobic property, it could only be tested at low concentration and its IC₅₀ could not be calculated thereafter. The results suggest that FA is a good form when A. sinensis is used to inhibit the oxytocin-induced uterine contraction.

Fig. (2) The inhibitory effects of FA and CF on oxytocininduced mice uterine muscle contraction in vitro. The data were expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates.*P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. vehicle control.

In conclusion, the pharmacological activities of two ferulates, FA and CF, had their own characters. CF has more potent antiplatelet aggregation activity, while FA has stronger inhibitory effect on oxytocin-induced uterine contraction. The results suggest that different extraction methods of A. sinensis are necessary according to its different treatment purposes.